Lord Hardwicke

Lord Hardwicke becomes Lord Chancellor - begins 20-year transformation of equity into systematic jurisprudence

Lord Hardwicke establishes modern mortgage law - equity of redemption protected, 'once a mortgage always a mortgage'

English Bankruptcy Act reforms - Lord Chancellor gains supervisory power over commissioners, beginning of judicial control

Lord Hardwicke develops doctrine of part performance - oral trusts of land enforceable if relied upon

Lord Hardwicke's rule in Gee v. Pritchard - equity acts in personam, foundation of equitable remedies

Lord Hardwicke decides Penn v. Lord Baltimore - equity enforces agreements between sovereigns, expanding jurisdiction

Lord Hardwicke's decision in Burgess v. Wheate - trustee holds legal title but no beneficial interest, modern trust structure

English courts develop doctrine of partnership dissolution by death - partnership automatically ends on partner's death unless agreed otherwise