88 events with tag "reform"
745 BC
ID: 3619
Tiglath-Pileser III seizes power - reforms army, begins systematic deportation policy
ID: 3619
622 BC
ID: 2765
Josiah's reform - Book of Law found in Temple, covenant renewed, pagan altars destroyed throughout land
ID: 2765
534 BC
ID: 2644
Servian Constitution - Servius Tullius creates census, divides citizens into centuries by wealth for military service and voting
ID: 2644
522 BC
ID: 3628
Darius I seizes power - kills false Bardiya, reorganizes empire into satrapies
ID: 3628
508 BC
ID: 225
Cleisthenes establishes Athenian democracy - creates 10 tribes, Council of 500, ostracism to prevent tyranny
ID: 225
458 BC
ID: 2790
Ezra returns to Jerusalem - brings 1,500 exiles, commissioned by Artaxerxes to teach Law
ID: 2790
457 BC
ID: 2791
Ezra's marriage reform - discovers widespread intermarriage, public confession and covenant to separate from foreign wives
ID: 2791
433 BC
ID: 2795
Nehemiah's second governorship - returns from Persia, finds abuses, enforces Sabbath, closes gates to merchants
ID: 2795
367 BC
ID: 2652
Licinian-Sextian laws - plebeians can be consul, debt relief, limit on land holdings, political equality advancing
ID: 2652
133 BC
ID: 2674
Tiberius Gracchus murdered - tribune killed by senators for land reform proposal, first political violence in Forum, Republic's crisis begins
ID: 2674
123 BC
ID: 2675
Gaius Gracchus's reforms - grain dole for masses, extends citizenship, creates populares vs optimates conflict
ID: 2675
107 BC
ID: 2677
Marian army reforms - Marius recruits landless poor, creates professional army loyal to generals not state
ID: 2677
45 BC
ID: 2706
Julian calendar introduced - 365.25 day year with leap years, used for 1,600 years
ID: 2706
28 BC
ID: 2717
Octavian 'restores the Republic' - returns powers to Senate (facade), conducts census, begins administrative reforms
ID: 2717
18 BC
ID: 2722
Julian marriage laws - attempts to restore traditional morality, penalties for adultery, rewards for having children
ID: 2722
193
ID: 4032
Pertinax emperor for 86 days - tries to reform Praetorians, murdered by them
ID: 4032
260
ID: 4055
Gallienus sole ruler - ends persecution, faces 30 usurpers, creates mobile cavalry
ID: 4055
284
ID: 4065
Diocletian proclaimed emperor - ends Crisis, divides empire, comprehensive reforms
ID: 4065
398
ID: 3828
St. John Chrysostom becomes Patriarch of Constantinople - reforms clergy, criticizes empress, earns enemies
ID: 3828
531
ID: 4657
Mazdak executed - egalitarian Zoroastrian reformer killed after threatening social order
ID: 4657
531
ID: 4684
Khosrow I Anushirvan begins reign - greatest Sassanid king, reforms, conquests, learning
ID: 4684
614
ID: 2853
Edict of Paris - Chlothar II grants concessions to nobles and Church, mayors of palace gain power, royal authority weakens
ID: 2853
740
ID: 2873
Charles establishes military benefices - grants land in exchange for military service, foundation of feudalism
ID: 2873
785
ID: 4082
Alcuin develops Caroline minuscule - clear lowercase script revolutionizes writing, basis of modern type
ID: 4082
794
ID: 2904
Monetary reform - Charlemagne establishes silver pound standard, 1 pound = 20 shillings = 240 pennies, basis for £sd system
ID: 2904
802
ID: 2913
Administrative reforms - Charlemagne sends missi dominici (royal inspectors) throughout empire, issues capitularies
ID: 2913
816
ID: 2924
Benedict of Aniane's reforms - Louis the Pious enforces Benedictine Rule in all monasteries, religious revival
ID: 2924
910
ID: 5443
September 11, 910
Abbey of Cluny founded by William I, Duke of Aquitaine, who donates land for a monastery to be placed directly under papal authority, free from local secular and ecclesiastical control
ID: 5443
927
ID: 5444
Odo becomes second abbot of Cluny, begins major expansion of Cluniac reform movement throughout Europe
ID: 5444
936
ID: 3960
Leo VII becomes hundred-twenty-sixth pope - supports Odo of Cluny's monastic reforms
ID: 3960
942
ID: 5454
November 18, 942
Saint Odo of Cluny dies; as second abbot he spread Cluniac reform to monasteries throughout France and Italy, establishing Cluny's network of dependent priories
ID: 5454
946
ID: 3963
Agapetus II becomes hundred-twenty-ninth pope - supports monastic reform but controlled by Alberic
ID: 3963
960
ID: 2633
Dunstan becomes Archbishop of Canterbury - reforms English church, advises kings, promotes learning
ID: 2633
960
ID: 5849
Benedictine Reform begins - Dunstan as Archbishop, backed by Edgar, starts replacing secular clergy with monks
ID: 5849
962
ID: 2634
Edgar's law codes issued - uniform laws for all England, blend of Anglo-Saxon and Danish customs
ID: 2634
964
ID: 5850
Aethelwold expels secular clergy from Winchester - forcibly replaces married priests with celibate monks, seizes property
ID: 5850
965
ID: 5851
Oswald reforms Worcester more gradually - uses persuasion rather than force to replace secular clergy with monks
ID: 5851
970
ID: 5852
Council of Winchester establishes Regularis Concordia - unified rule for English monasteries, monks control major churches
ID: 5852
973
ID: 5842
Edgar reforms English coinage - standardizes silver penny weight using new German silver, establishes 70+ mints
ID: 5842
974
ID: 3970
Benedict VII becomes hundred-thirty-fifth pope - supported by Otto II, promotes Cluniac reform
ID: 3970
997
ID: 5871
Aethelred's law codes protect monasteries - establishes penalties for violating monastic sanctuary and property
ID: 5871
1000
ID: 5102
Doge Pietro II Orseolo conquers Dalmatia - establishes Venice's Adriatic empire, begins annual 'Marriage of the Sea' ceremony
ID: 5102
1000
ID: 5459
Cluny develops elaborate liturgical practices with nearly perpetual prayer - monks spend up to 8 hours daily in choir, influencing Western liturgy
ID: 5459
1001
ID: 3732
Richard II refounds Fécamp Abbey - brings Italian reformers, becomes intellectual center of Normandy
ID: 3732
1027
ID: 5456
Saint Odilo of Cluny promotes the Truce of God movement, forbidding warfare on certain holy days - spreads from Cluny throughout France
ID: 5456
1059
ID: 3741
Lanfranc at Bec - Italian scholar makes Norman monastery leading center of learning in Europe
ID: 3741
1072
ID: 4937
February 22, 1072
Death of St. Peter Damian - Doctor of the Church, wrote against simony and clerical corruption
ID: 4937
1093
ID: 2594
Anselm becomes Archbishop of Canterbury - conflict with Rufus over church reform and investiture begins
ID: 2594
1098
ID: 178
Cistercian Order founded at Cîteaux - seeking return to strict Benedictine rule, will have 500 houses by 1200
ID: 178
1108
ID: 5189
Abbot Suger becomes Louis VI's advisor - brilliant administrator from Saint-Denis begins transforming royal government
ID: 5189
1115
ID: 181
St. Bernard founds Clairvaux Abbey - will become most influential churchman in Europe
ID: 181
1155
ID: 5056
Arnold of Brescia executed - political reformer who attacked Church property burned at stake in Rome
ID: 5056
1170
ID: 5822
Inquest of Sheriffs - Henry II investigates and dismisses corrupt sheriffs, replaces with professional administrators loyal only to crown
ID: 5822
1223
ID: 139
Franciscan Rule approved by Honorius III - St. Francis wanted no possessions, not even Rule written down
ID: 139
1254
ID: 5219
Louis IX returns from Holy Land - begins great judicial and administrative reforms, creates Parlement of Paris
ID: 5219
1258
ID: 2400
Provisions of Oxford - barons led by Simon de Montfort impose council of fifteen to control Henry III, birth of parliamentary government
ID: 2400
1274
ID: 2408
August 19, 1274
Edward I crowned after returning from Crusade - 'English Justinian' begins legal reforms and conquest of British Isles
ID: 2408
1275
ID: 2156
First Statute of Westminster - comprehensive legal reforms including protection of church property and regulation of wardship
ID: 2156
1310
ID: 2422
Lords Ordainers appointed - twenty-one barons to reform realm and control Edward II, limit royal prerogative
ID: 2422
1376
ID: 2446
Good Parliament - first impeachment of royal ministers, Commons flexes new powers against corruption
ID: 2446
1382
ID: 68
John Wycliffe translates Bible into English - challenging Church monopoly on Scripture
ID: 68
1406
ID: 117
St. Colette reforms Poor Clares - receives vision from St. Francis to restore original poverty
ID: 117
1413
ID: 2471
March 21, 1413
Henry V becomes king - transforms from wild Prince Hal to pious warrior king
ID: 2471
1415
ID: 70
July 6, 1415
Jan Hus burned at Council of Constance despite imperial safe conduct
ID: 70
1420
ID: 73
Hussite Wars begin - first successful resistance to crusade, early firearms used
ID: 73
1442
ID: 134
St. Bernardino of Siena's reforms spread - promotes Holy Name devotion, IHS monogram appears everywhere
ID: 134
1498
ID: 128
Savonarola burned but many consider him saint - Dominican reformer's 'bonfire of vanities' consumed by flames
ID: 128
1498
ID: 87
May 23, 1498
Savonarola burned in Florence - reformer becomes ash in Piazza della Signoria
ID: 87
1527
ID: 5473
Paracelsus appointed town physician and professor of medicine at University of Basel; publicly burns works of Galen and Avicenna
ID: 5473
1545
ID: 2190
Council of Trent begins reform of canon law - responding to Protestant challenge, clarifying marriage law and ecclesiastical jurisdiction
ID: 2190
1568
ID: 3497
St. John of the Cross meets St. Teresa - begins Carmelite reform for men - Will suffer imprisonment - 'In the evening of life, we will be judged on love alone'
ID: 3497
1584
ID: 3511
November 3, 1584
St. Charles Borromeo dies at age 46 - Worn out from reforms - transformed Milan into model diocese - 'One soul is diocese enough'
ID: 3511
1675
ID: 3428
Philipp Jakob Spener publishes 'Pia Desideria' - Manifesto of Pietist movement - Calls for 'little churches within the church' - Six proposals for reform that bypass institutional church - Creates paradox: Inner spiritual freedom requires external mutual surveillance
ID: 3428
1692
ID: 2305
Daniel Defoe imprisoned for bankruptcy - owes £17,000, writes Essay on Projects proposing bankruptcy reform while in Fleet Prison
ID: 2305
1714
ID: 5991
Peter the Great issues decree on primogeniture - reforms succession law, forces nobility into state service
ID: 5991
1722
ID: 5993
Peter the Great introduces Table of Ranks - creates meritocratic nobility, service determines status not birth
ID: 5993
1732
ID: 2312
English Bankruptcy Act reforms - Lord Chancellor gains supervisory power over commissioners, beginning of judicial control
ID: 2312
1757
ID: 2316
Lord Mansfield begins reforming commercial law - treats partnership as mercantile institution, applies law merchant principles
ID: 2316
1767
ID: 5995
Catherine the Great convenes Legislative Commission - attempts Enlightenment legal reform, writes Nakaz instruction
ID: 5995
1785
ID: 6001
Charter to the Nobility - Catherine the Great confirms noble privileges, exempts from service and corporal punishment
ID: 6001
1807
ID: 5574
Prussian Military Reform Commission established after devastating defeat at Jena-Auerstedt - Scharnhorst and Gneisenau begin revolutionary reforms
ID: 5574
1813
ID: 5577
Universal conscription introduced in Prussia - every male citizen owes military service, creating Landwehr (militia) system
ID: 5577
1825
ID: 2335
English Bankruptcy Consolidation Act - comprehensive reform, codifies 11 previous statutes, creates modern bankruptcy framework
ID: 2335
1825
ID: 5564
Count István Széchenyi begins reform era, donates year's income to found Hungarian Academy of Sciences
ID: 5564
1849
ID: 2343
English Insolvent Debtors Act extended - all persons can petition for insolvency, not just traders
ID: 2343
1859
ID: 5580
Albrecht von Roon becomes Prussian War Minister - proposes army reorganization extending service to 3 years, strengthening regular army over Landwehr
ID: 5580
2002
ID: 3077
Sarbanes-Oxley Act passed in response to Enron and other corporate scandals, revolutionizing corporate governance and auditing
ID: 3077
2015
ID: 3274
USA Freedom Act - Reformed Section 215, ended bulk phone metadata collection
ID: 3274