22 events with tag "administration"
195 BC
ID: 5324
Rome reorganizes Spanish mining - establishes state monopoly, mines produce 25,000 drachmas daily according to Polybius
ID: 5324
25 BC
ID: 2740
Provincial reorganization - peaceful provinces to Senate, military frontiers to emperor, efficient administration established
ID: 2740
6
ID: 2731
Vigiles created - professional firefighters for Rome, 7,000 men, urban administration improved
ID: 2731
150
ID: 5332
Aljustrel bronze tablets - detailed mining laws found in Portugal, regulate everything from bath house hours to ore theft penalties
ID: 5332
584
ID: 5094
Venice under Byzantine Exarchate of Ravenna - lagoon settlements organized under Byzantine administration, nominal imperial control
ID: 5094
690
ID: 5823
Ine of Wessex codifies hide system - establishes 'hide' as standard land unit (120 acres, enough to support one family), basis for taxation and military service
ID: 5823
725
ID: 5826
Bede describes shire system - 'scir' means share or division, originally divisions of kingdoms, each with own folk-moot court
ID: 5826
802
ID: 2913
Administrative reforms - Charlemagne sends missi dominici (royal inspectors) throughout empire, issues capitularies
ID: 2913
850
ID: 5827
Hundred system develops - subdivision of shires, theoretically 100 hides, with hundred-moot court meeting monthly for justice
ID: 5827
890
ID: 5813
Alfred the Great reorganizes shire system - establishes shire reeves (scir-gerefa) as royal officials to oversee justice and tax collection in each shire
ID: 5813
895
ID: 5814
Alfred establishes hundred courts - subdivisions of shires with reeves presiding over local justice and collecting royal dues
ID: 5814
900
ID: 5830
Ealdorman role formalized - high nobleman governing one or more shires for king, leads shire fyrd, presides at shire-moot with bishop
ID: 5830
920
ID: 5815
Edward the Elder codifies shire court system - ealdormen preside with shire reeves, but reeves protect royal fiscal interests
ID: 5815
1012
ID: 5811
Aethelred establishes heregeld tax system - permanent annual tax to maintain standing army of Danish mercenaries
ID: 5811
1016
ID: 5832
Cnut replaces ealdormen with earls - Danish term 'jarl' becomes 'earl', fewer but more powerful than old ealdormen, govern multiple shires
ID: 5832
1070
ID: 5816
William the Conqueror retains shire reeve system - Normans call them 'sheriffs' (shire-reeve), expand their powers as direct royal agents
ID: 5816
1072
ID: 5817
Sheriffs established as crown's counter to feudal lords - collect taxes directly for king even from lands granted to nobles, preventing alienation of royal revenues
ID: 5817
1108
ID: 5189
Abbot Suger becomes Louis VI's advisor - brilliant administrator from Saint-Denis begins transforming royal government
ID: 5189
1110
ID: 5819
Exchequer system formalized - sheriffs must account twice yearly for all royal revenues from their shires, including from granted lands
ID: 5819
1154
ID: 5821
Henry II restores sheriff system - removes baronial sheriffs, appoints royal clerks, reasserts crown's right to revenues from all lands
ID: 5821
1190
ID: 5241
Philip Augustus creates baillis - royal officials to administer justice and collect taxes, foundation of centralized state
ID: 5241
1282
ID: 5083
Marco Polo governs Yangzhou - claims 3-year governorship, becomes Kublai Khan's trusted administrator
ID: 5083