173 events with tag "Rome"
753 BC
ID: 5919
Palladium brought to Rome by Aeneas (tradition) - sacred statue hidden in Temple of Vesta, ensures Rome cannot be conquered while possessed
ID: 5919
753 BC
ID: 2641
April 21, 753 BC
Traditional founding of Rome - Romulus kills Remus, founds city on Palatine Hill, establishes Senate and basic institutions
ID: 2641
700 BC
ID: 5419
Roman law forbids women drinking wine - punishable by death, husbands can kill wives for wine drinking (ius osculi - right of kiss to detect)
ID: 5419
510 BC
ID: 5916
Sibyl of Cumae offers nine books of prophecy to Tarquin - king refuses price, she burns three, offers six for same price, burns three more, he buys last three at original price
ID: 5916
509 BC
ID: 226
Roman Republic established - Tarquin the Proud expelled, consuls replace kings
ID: 226
500 BC
ID: 5420
Cult of Liber (Bacchus) established - Roman wine god, Liberalia festival celebrates first wine tasting by young men
ID: 5420
450 BC
ID: 263
Twelve Tables of Roman Law published - first written laws, foundation of Roman legal system
ID: 263
390 BC
ID: 279
Gauls sack Rome - Brennus demands ransom, 'Vae victis' (woe to the conquered), geese save Capitol
ID: 279
387 BC
ID: 3663
Brennus sacks Rome - Celtic chieftain defeats Romans, 'Vae victis,' geese save Capitol
ID: 3663
343 BC
ID: 314
First Samnite War begins - Rome begins conquest of Italy, learning mountain warfare
ID: 314
312 BC
ID: 313
Via Appia begun - first Roman road, 'Queen of Roads,' empire connected by roads
ID: 313
210 BC
ID: 5355
Romans capture Syracuse silver mines - Sicily becomes major silver source after conquest, funds continued war effort
ID: 5355
206 BC
ID: 5323
Scipio captures Cartagena mines - Romans seize Spanish silver mines, immediately restart production with 40,000 workers
ID: 5323
204 BC
ID: 5953
Magna Mater arrives in Rome - black meteorite of Cybele installed on Palatine, eunuch priests (galli) shock Romans with self-castration
ID: 5953
200 BC
ID: 5374
Roman wine trade with Gauls expands - Italian wine cheaper than Greek, Romans export 100,000s of amphorae annually to Gaul
ID: 5374
195 BC
ID: 5324
Rome reorganizes Spanish mining - establishes state monopoly, mines produce 25,000 drachmas daily according to Polybius
ID: 5324
175 BC
ID: 5394
Rome bans wine export across Alps - attempts to prevent barbarian invasions by keeping Celts from wine, widely ignored by merchants
ID: 5394
150 BC
ID: 5325
Rio Tinto under Roman control - massive expansion using hydraulic mining, 10,000+ workers, slag heaps reach 30 meters high
ID: 5325
125 BC
ID: 5376
Rome conquers southern Gaul to protect Massalia - secures wine trade route, destroys Entremont, establishes Provincia (Provence)
ID: 5376
121 BC
ID: 5398
Battle of Vindalium - Rome defeats Arverni King Bituitus despite his war elephants, secures wine trade route through Provincia
ID: 5398
105 BC
ID: 5931
Terror Cimbricus grips Rome - panic in city, 'the Germans are coming' becomes nightmare phrase, human sacrifices performed, worst fear since Hannibal
ID: 5931
100 BC
ID: 5326
Slave uprising at Spanish mines - thousands of mining slaves revolt, suppressed brutally, Diodorus describes horrific conditions
ID: 5326
100 BC
ID: 5424
Falernian wine reaches peak prestige - Rome's greatest wine, three types (dry, sweet, light), aged 10-20 years, mentioned by every Roman author
ID: 5424
92 BC
ID: 4663
First Rome-Parthia contact - Sulla's envoy meets Parthian ambassador on Euphrates
ID: 4663
88 BC
ID: 2681
Sulla marches on Rome - first Roman general to lead army against Rome itself, Marius flees, constitution shattered
ID: 2681
80 BC
ID: 5381
Druids oppose wine trade - see Roman luxury corrupting warrior culture, attempt to limit wine consumption and Roman influence
ID: 5381
50 BC
ID: 5345
Roman mining law codified - detailed regulations on claims, slaves, safety, ore processing, and taxation developed
ID: 5345
46 BC
ID: 5400
Vercingetorix executed after Caesar's triumph - Gallic leader strangled in Tullianum prison after 6 years captivity, symbol of resistance dies
ID: 5400
25 BC
ID: 5327
Las MΓ©dulas gold mining begins - Romans start largest gold mining operation in empire using ruina montium technique
ID: 5327
24 BC
ID: 3692
Queen Amanirenas fights Rome - one-eyed warrior queen battles Augustus, negotiates favorable peace
ID: 3692
1
ID: 5328
Peak of Las MΓ©dulas production - 20,000 pounds of gold annually, 60,000 workers, 600 kilometers of canals for hydraulic mining
ID: 5328
6
ID: 2731
Vigiles created - professional firefighters for Rome, 7,000 men, urban administration improved
ID: 2731
14
ID: 3983
Death of Augustus - first Roman emperor dies at 75, deified by Senate, establishes imperial precedent
ID: 3983
14
ID: 3984
Tiberius becomes emperor - Augustus's stepson reluctantly accepts power, competent but unpopular
ID: 3984
15
ID: 5357
Roman mining census - Empire operates over 100 major mines, producing iron, copper, tin, lead, gold, silver, mercury
ID: 5357
26
ID: 3985
Tiberius retires to Capri - leaves Rome permanently, rules through Praetorian Prefect Sejanus
ID: 3985
31
ID: 3986
Fall of Sejanus - Tiberius discovers Praetorian Prefect's conspiracy, massive purge follows
ID: 3986
37
ID: 3987
Death of Tiberius - possibly smothered by Macro, Caligula proclaimed emperor
ID: 3987
37
ID: 3988
Caligula becomes emperor - initially popular, becomes insane after illness, notorious for cruelty
ID: 3988
41
ID: 3989
Caligula assassinated - killed by Praetorian Guard after 4 years of madness and tyranny
ID: 3989
41
ID: 3990
Claudius becomes emperor - found hiding behind curtain, Praetorians make him emperor, surprisingly effective
ID: 3990
43
ID: 3991
Claudius invades Britain - personally leads conquest, adds Britain to empire
ID: 3991
48
ID: 5402
Claudius admits Gauls to Senate - Emperor from Lyon argues Gauls now Roman enough for high office, integration accelerates
ID: 5402
50
ID: 5354
Fire-setting mining technique widespread - Romans heat rock with fire then quench with vinegar to fracture ore veins
ID: 5354
54
ID: 3992
Claudius dies - poisoned with mushrooms by wife Agrippina to make Nero emperor
ID: 3992
54
ID: 3993
Nero becomes emperor at 16 - youngest emperor yet, initially guided by Seneca and Burrus
ID: 3993
59
ID: 3994
Nero murders his mother Agrippina - failed drowning machine, then stabbed by soldiers
ID: 3994
64
ID: 3834
St. Peter martyred in Rome - crucified upside down at his request, considering himself unworthy to die as Christ did
ID: 3834
64
ID: 3995
Great Fire of Rome - Nero blamed, then blames Christians, first imperial persecution
ID: 3995
64
ID: 4101
St. Paul martyred in Rome - beheaded on the Ostian Way during Nero's persecution, Roman citizen's execution
ID: 4101
68
ID: 3996
Nero commits suicide - 'What an artist dies in me!', Senate declares him public enemy
ID: 3996
68
ID: 3997
Galba becomes emperor - governor of Spain, begins Year of the Four Emperors
ID: 3997
69
ID: 3998
Galba assassinated - killed in Forum after 7 months, Otho takes power
ID: 3998
69
ID: 3999
Otho emperor for 3 months - commits suicide after defeat by Vitellius to prevent civil war
ID: 3999
69
ID: 4000
Vitellius emperor for 8 months - notorious glutton, defeated by Vespasian's forces
ID: 4000
69
ID: 4001
Vespasian becomes emperor - ends Year of Four Emperors, restores stability, begins Flavian dynasty
ID: 4001
70
ID: 4002
Vespasian's son Titus destroys Jerusalem - Temple destroyed, Colosseum begun with Jewish spoils
ID: 4002
75
ID: 5329
Romans develop Dolaucothi gold mines - only known Roman gold mine in Britain, sophisticated aqueducts and water-powered machinery
ID: 5329
79
ID: 4003
Death of Vespasian - 'I think I'm becoming a god', first emperor to be succeeded by biological son
ID: 4003
79
ID: 4004
Titus becomes emperor - 'delight of mankind', faces Vesuvius eruption immediately
ID: 4004
81
ID: 4005
Death of Titus - dies of fever after only 2 years, universally mourned
ID: 4005
81
ID: 4006
Domitian becomes emperor - Titus's younger brother, becomes increasingly tyrannical and paranoid
ID: 4006
90
ID: 5437
Wine auctions established - vintage wines sold at auction in Rome, speculation on future vintages begins
ID: 5437
95
ID: 4007
Domitian's second persecution of Christians - executes cousin Flavius Clemens for 'atheism' (Christianity)
ID: 4007
96
ID: 4008
Domitian assassinated - killed in palace conspiracy, Senate damns his memory (damnatio memoriae)
ID: 4008
96
ID: 4009
Nerva becomes emperor - elderly senator chosen by Senate, begins Adoptive Emperors
ID: 4009
97
ID: 4010
Nerva adopts Trajan - pressured by military, establishes precedent of adopting best successor
ID: 4010
98
ID: 4011
Death of Nerva - natural death after 16 months, peaceful transition to Trajan
ID: 4011
98
ID: 4012
Trajan becomes emperor - first provincial emperor (from Spain), will expand empire to maximum
ID: 4012
100
ID: 5346
Mining technology innovations - Romans perfect water-powered ore crushing, advanced ventilation, and deep shaft mining
ID: 5346
106
ID: 4013
Trajan conquers Dacia - adds wealthy province, celebrates with 123-day games, Trajan's Column erected
ID: 4013
115
ID: 4110
St. Alexander I martyred - sixth pope, beheaded along with priests Eventius and Theodulus on Via Nomentana
ID: 4110
115
ID: 4668
Trajan captures Ctesiphon - Rome briefly holds Parthian capital, but cannot maintain
ID: 4668
116
ID: 4014
Roman Empire reaches maximum extent - Trajan conquers Mesopotamia, but overextended
ID: 4014
117
ID: 4015
Death of Trajan - dies of stroke in Cilicia, wife Plotina announces Hadrian as successor
ID: 4015
117
ID: 4016
Hadrian becomes emperor - Trajan's cousin, abandons conquests, focuses on consolidation
ID: 4016
122
ID: 4017
Hadrian's Wall begun - visits Britain, orders 73-mile wall across northern England
ID: 4017
130
ID: 4018
Death of Antinous - Hadrian's beloved drowns in Nile, emperor deifies him, founds city
ID: 4018
132
ID: 4019
Bar Kokhba revolt begins - Hadrian's plan to rebuild Jerusalem as pagan city triggers massive Jewish revolt
ID: 4019
135
ID: 5802
Romans rename Judea to Syria Palaestina - after Bar Kokhba revolt, name derived from ancient Philistines to erase Jewish connection
ID: 5802
138
ID: 4020
Hadrian adopts Antoninus Pius - on condition Antoninus adopts Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus
ID: 4020
138
ID: 4021
Death of Hadrian - dies hated by Senate, Antoninus barely achieves his deification
ID: 4021
138
ID: 4022
Antoninus Pius becomes emperor - longest peaceful reign, empire at height of prosperity
ID: 4022
140
ID: 4829
Marcion arrives in Rome - wealthy shipowner brings large donation, begins teaching rejection of Old Testament
ID: 4829
144
ID: 4830
Marcion excommunicated - Church returns his donation, he creates first biblical canon: edited Luke + 10 Pauline letters
ID: 4830
150
ID: 4137
St. Justin opens philosophy school in Rome - first Christian philosophy school, synthesizes faith with Platonic thought
ID: 4137
150
ID: 4841
Justin opens Christian philosophy school in Rome - First to systematically harmonize Greek philosophy with Christian faith
ID: 4841
150
ID: 5332
Aljustrel bronze tablets - detailed mining laws found in Portugal, regulate everything from bath house hours to ore theft penalties
ID: 5332
160
ID: 4139
Valentinus teaches in Rome - most influential Gnostic teacher, elaborate cosmology with 30 aeons, secret knowledge for salvation
ID: 4139
161
ID: 4023
Death of Antoninus Pius - dies peacefully after 23-year reign, smoothest succession
ID: 4023
161
ID: 4024
Marcus Aurelius becomes emperor - philosopher-emperor, rules jointly with Lucius Verus
ID: 4024
165
ID: 4025
Antonine Plague begins - brought from Parthian War, kills millions including Lucius Verus
ID: 4025
165
ID: 4669
Romans sack Ctesiphon again - Lucius Verus burns palace, plague spreads to Rome
ID: 4669
165
ID: 4834
Justin Martyr martyred in Rome - Beheaded with six companions under Marcus Aurelius for refusing to sacrifice to gods
ID: 4834
170
ID: 4026
Marcus Aurelius writes Meditations - Stoic philosophy written during Germanic wars
ID: 4026
170
ID: 5333
AlmadΓ©n mercury mining peaks - Romans extract cinnabar for vermillion pigment, later crucial for silver amalgamation
ID: 5333
172
ID: 4141
Montanism spreads to Rome - Church authorities alarmed by charismatic movement, new prophecies challenge episcopal authority
ID: 4141
177
ID: 4027
Marcus makes Commodus co-emperor - breaks adoptive principle, chooses biological son
ID: 4027
180
ID: 4028
Death of Marcus Aurelius - dies of plague at Vindobona, end of Pax Romana
ID: 4028
180
ID: 4029
Commodus becomes sole emperor - abandons father's wars, becomes gladiator-emperor
ID: 4029
180
ID: 4119
St. Cecilia martyred - Roman noblewoman, patron of music, survived suffocation attempt, beheaded after three strikes
ID: 4119
192
ID: 4030
Commodus renames Rome 'Colonia Commodiana' - declares himself Hercules reborn, peak madness
ID: 4030
192
ID: 4031
Commodus strangled - wrestling partner Narcissus kills him in bath, end of Antonine dynasty
ID: 4031
193
ID: 4032
Pertinax emperor for 86 days - tries to reform Praetorians, murdered by them
ID: 4032
193
ID: 4033
Didius Julianus buys empire - wins Praetorian auction for throne, Year of Five Emperors begins
ID: 4033
193
ID: 4034
Septimius Severus proclaimed emperor - African general, marches on Rome, Julianus executed
ID: 4034
194
ID: 4035
Severus defeats Pescennius Niger - eliminates Eastern rival, then turns West against Albinus
ID: 4035
197
ID: 4036
Battle of Lugdunum - Severus defeats Clodius Albinus in bloodiest battle between Roman armies
ID: 4036
197
ID: 4037
Severus sacks Ctesiphon - captures Parthian capital, creates new provinces
ID: 4037
198
ID: 4670
Septimius Severus sacks Ctesiphon - third Roman sack, 100,000 enslaved
ID: 4670
200
ID: 5334
Roman mining techniques spread empire-wide - drainage wheels, Archimedes screws, fire-setting, and hydraulic mining used from Britain to Egypt
ID: 5334
200
ID: 5360
Peak Roman mining employment - estimated 100,000+ slaves and workers in Spanish mines alone, millions empire-wide
ID: 5360
211
ID: 4038
Death of Severus at York - dies campaigning in Britain, tells sons 'Enrich soldiers, despise all others'
ID: 4038
211
ID: 4039
Caracalla murders brother Geta - kills him in mother's arms, massacres 20,000 supporters
ID: 4039
212
ID: 4040
Constitutio Antoniniana - Caracalla grants citizenship to all free inhabitants of empire
ID: 4040
217
ID: 4041
Caracalla assassinated - killed while urinating on campaign, Praetorian Prefect Macrinus takes power
ID: 4041
218
ID: 4042
Elagabalus becomes emperor at 14 - Syrian sun-priest, most sexually scandalous emperor
ID: 4042
222
ID: 4043
Elagabalus murdered in latrine - killed with mother Julia Soaemias, bodies thrown in Tiber
ID: 4043
222
ID: 4044
Alexander Severus becomes emperor at 13 - dominated by mother Julia Mamaea, last Severan
ID: 4044
235
ID: 4045
Alexander Severus murdered by troops - killed for buying peace from Germans, begins 50-year Crisis
ID: 4045
235
ID: 4046
Maximinus Thrax becomes emperor - first soldier from ranks, 8 feet tall, never visits Rome
ID: 4046
238
ID: 4047
Year of Six Emperors - Gordians I & II in Africa, Pupienus and Balbinus in Rome, all killed
ID: 4047
238
ID: 4048
Gordian III becomes emperor at 13 - youngest sole emperor, controlled by Praetorian Prefects
ID: 4048
244
ID: 4049
Philip the Arab becomes emperor - possibly first Christian emperor, celebrates Rome's 1000th year
ID: 4049
249
ID: 4050
Decius becomes emperor - requires all citizens sacrifice to gods, first systematic persecution
ID: 4050
251
ID: 4051
Decius killed at Abritus - first emperor to die in battle against barbarians, son also killed
ID: 4051
251
ID: 4052
Trebonianus Gallus becomes emperor - pays tribute to Goths, plague ravages empire
ID: 4052
253
ID: 4053
Valerian becomes emperor - renews Christian persecution, will be captured by Persians
ID: 4053
260
ID: 4054
Valerian captured at Edessa - used as footstool by Shapur I, skinned after death
ID: 4054
260
ID: 4055
Gallienus sole ruler - ends persecution, faces 30 usurpers, creates mobile cavalry
ID: 4055
268
ID: 4056
Gallienus assassinated - killed by officers at siege of Milan, capable but overwhelmed
ID: 4056
268
ID: 4057
Claudius II Gothicus - defeats 320,000 Goths at Naissus, dies of plague after 2 years
ID: 4057
270
ID: 4058
Aurelian becomes emperor - 'Restorer of the World', builds Rome's walls, reunites empire
ID: 4058
274
ID: 4059
Aurelian defeats Zenobia and Tetricus - reunites empire, celebrates last great triumph
ID: 4059
275
ID: 4060
Aurelian assassinated - secretary's forged death list causes officers to kill him
ID: 4060
275
ID: 4061
Tacitus becomes emperor at 75 - Senate's choice, dies after 6 months
ID: 4061
276
ID: 4062
Probus becomes emperor - great general, murdered by troops forced to drain swamps
ID: 4062
282
ID: 4063
Carus becomes emperor - successful against Persia, mysteriously killed by lightning
ID: 4063
283
ID: 4064
Carinus and Numerian co-emperors - sons of Carus, both dead within two years
ID: 4064
284
ID: 4065
Diocletian proclaimed emperor - ends Crisis, divides empire, comprehensive reforms
ID: 4065
301
ID: 4066
Diocletian's Edict on Maximum Prices - attempts to control inflation, fails spectacularly
ID: 4066
303
ID: 4067
Great Persecution begins - Diocletian orders destruction of churches, burning of scriptures
ID: 4067
303
ID: 4179
St. Crescentinus expels dragon from Rome - drives dragon from city into Tiber during Diocletian persecution (Roman martyrology)
ID: 4179
304
ID: 4156
St. Cyriacus martyred in Rome - deacon who helped imprisoned Christians, tortured with boiling pitch, beheaded
ID: 4156
305
ID: 4068
Diocletian abdicates - only emperor to voluntarily retire, forces Maximian to abdicate
ID: 4068
305
ID: 4069
Galerius becomes senior emperor - continues persecution in East, cancer kills him in 311
ID: 4069
311
ID: 4070
Galerius issues Edict of Toleration - dying of worms, begs Christians to pray for him
ID: 4070
312
ID: 4071
Constantine sees vision before Milvian Bridge - Chi-Rho in sky, converts to Christianity
ID: 4071
325
ID: 4072
Constantine calls Council of Nicaea - first ecumenical council, establishes Nicene Creed
ID: 4072
350
ID: 5343
Decline of Roman mining - barbarian invasions disrupt operations, sophisticated drainage and extraction technology lost
ID: 5343
376
ID: 4728
Huns drive Goths across Danube - terrified Visigoths seek Roman protection, beginning end of Western Empire
ID: 4728
400
ID: 4931
Birth of St. Leo the Great in Rome - future Pope and Doctor of the Church
ID: 4931
400
ID: 5344
End of systematic ancient mining - collapse of Western Empire ends large-scale mining until medieval period
ID: 5344
401
ID: 3874
St. Innocent I becomes fortieth pope - claims universal papal authority, negotiates with Alaric
ID: 3874
408
ID: 5735
Alaric the Goth demands 3,000 pounds of pepper as part of Rome's ransom - pepper literally worth a city's freedom
ID: 5735
413
ID: 3831
St. Augustine begins City of God - response to fall of Rome, Christian philosophy of history, takes 13 years
ID: 3831
451
ID: 4732
Battle of Catalaunian Plains - Aetius and Visigoths stop Attila's invasion of Gaul, last great Roman victory
ID: 4732
452
ID: 4733
Attila invades Italy - destroys Aquileia, Pope Leo I meets him, mysteriously withdraws from Rome
ID: 4733
589
ID: 4206
Dragon washed up after Tiber flood - enormous dragon corpse found after flood, followed by plague, Gregory the Great leads processions
ID: 4206
597
ID: 2542
Augustine arrives in Kent - sent by Pope Gregory to convert English, Ethelbert of Kent converts
ID: 2542
780
ID: 4077
Alcuin travels to Rome for pallium - sent by Archbishop Eanbald, collects manuscripts on journey
ID: 4077
998
ID: 5843
Rammelsberg funds Otto III's Roman renovatio - silver wealth enables imperial ambitions, 'renewal of Roman Empire'
ID: 5843
1027
ID: 2639
Cnut's pilgrimage to Rome - attends Conrad II's imperial coronation, negotiates for English traders
ID: 2639
1402
ID: 5166
Medici bank opens Rome branch - manages papal finances, becomes most profitable branch
ID: 5166
1527
ID: 5150
May 6, 1527
Sack of Rome by Imperial troops - Pope Clement VII (Medici) besieged in Castel Sant'Angelo
ID: 5150
1546
ID: 3549
St. Philip Neri (age 31) begins apostolate in Rome - Founds Oratory - joyful holiness attracts youth away from Protestant grimness
ID: 3549
1595
ID: 3518
May 26, 1595
St. Philip Neri dies - 'Last of the mystics' - Autopsy reveals enlarged heart, two ribs broken by divine love
ID: 3518
1600
ID: 3444
Giordano Bruno burned in Rome - Dominican friar turned hermetic magus - Vision of reformed universal religion combining all faiths - Creates martyrdom narrative for hermetic tradition
ID: 3444
1814
ID: 707
Pope Pius VII returns to Rome after Napoleon's defeat at Leipzig
ID: 707
1870
ID: 975
Kingdom of Italy captures Rome; Pope Pius IX becomes prisoner of the Vatican
ID: 975
1912
ID: 1212
St. Maximilian Kolbe sent to Rome, attends Pontifical Gregorian University, earns doctorates in philosophy (1915) and theology (1919/1922)
ID: 1212
1917
ID: 1253
Masonic Bicentennial Celebrations in Rome - 200th anniversary of Grand Lodge of London with anti-Catholic demonstrations
ID: 1253
1917
ID: 1254
October 1917
St. Maximilian Kolbe witnesses Masonic demonstrations in Rome - banners read: 'Satan must reign in the Vatican. The Pope will be his slave.'
ID: 1254