39 events with tag "Spain"
900 BC
ID: 5317
Rio Tinto mining begins - Tartessians extract copper and silver from massive sulfide deposits, creating first large-scale mining operation in Iberia
ID: 5317
227 BC
ID: 5321
Carthaginians develop Cartagena silver mines - Hasdrubal founds New Carthage near richest silver deposits in Mediterranean, 40,000 slaves at peak
ID: 5321
206 BC
ID: 5323
Scipio captures Cartagena mines - Romans seize Spanish silver mines, immediately restart production with 40,000 workers
ID: 5323
100 BC
ID: 5326
Slave uprising at Spanish mines - thousands of mining slaves revolt, suppressed brutally, Diodorus describes horrific conditions
ID: 5326
45 BC
ID: 2705
Battle of Munda - Caesar's hardest fought victory, defeats Pompey's sons in Spain, civil war ends
ID: 2705
25 BC
ID: 5327
Las Médulas gold mining begins - Romans start largest gold mining operation in empire using ruina montium technique
ID: 5327
77
ID: 5330
Pliny describes Spanish mining - Elder Pliny records 20,000 pounds gold annually from northwest Spain, environmental destruction
ID: 5330
100
ID: 5440
Spanish wine dominates trade - Tarraconensis wine shipped throughout empire, Spanish amphorae found from Britain to Egypt
ID: 5440
130
ID: 5356
Slave children in Spanish mines - boys as young as 7 carry ore baskets, life expectancy under 25 years, no daylight for months
ID: 5356
170
ID: 5333
Almadén mercury mining peaks - Romans extract cinnabar for vermillion pigment, later crucial for silver amalgamation
ID: 5333
200
ID: 5360
Peak Roman mining employment - estimated 100,000+ slaves and workers in Spanish mines alone, millions empire-wide
ID: 5360
250
ID: 5341
Las Médulas abandoned - gold exhausted after producing 1,635,000 kg, landscape permanently scarred, mountains collapsed
ID: 5341
300
ID: 5342
Rio Tinto environmental catastrophe - centuries of mining create permanent acid drainage, river runs red with iron oxide, fish extinct
ID: 5342
600
ID: 3801
St. Isidore of Seville reforms Spanish monasticism - emphasizes learning, preserves classical knowledge
ID: 3801
778
ID: 2894
Spanish campaign - Charlemagne crosses Pyrenees, besieges Zaragoza unsuccessfully, retreats
ID: 2894
792
ID: 4085
Alcuin combats Adoptionist heresy - writes against Spanish bishops Felix and Elipandus
ID: 4085
844
ID: 3701
Vikings raid Seville in Muslim Spain - first attack on Iberia, defeated by Abd al-Rahman II's forces
ID: 3701
1077
ID: 5465
King Alfonso VI of Castile brings Cluniac monks to Spain, doubling annual tribute to Cluny and spreading Cluniac reform in Iberian peninsula
ID: 5465
1220
ID: 5283
Troubadour diaspora - surviving troubadours flee to Italy and Spain, influence Dante and dolce stil novo
ID: 5283
1236
ID: 44
Cordoba falls to Ferdinand III - Great Mosque converted to cathedral
ID: 44
1469
ID: 81
Marriage of Isabella and Ferdinand unites Castile and Aragon
ID: 81
1478
ID: 82
Spanish Inquisition established by Ferdinand and Isabella
ID: 82
1492
ID: 84
January 2, 1492
Fall of Granada - Reconquista complete after 781 years
ID: 84
1493
ID: 5666
Columbus returns to Spain with maize - first New World crop introduced to Europe, initially used as animal feed
ID: 5666
1494
ID: 5745
Spain and Portugal divide world for spice trade - Treaty of Tordesillas splits globe, all for control of spice routes
ID: 5745
1521
ID: 5622
March 16, 1521
Ferdinand Magellan arrives in the Philippines, landing at Homonhon Island and later at Cebu - first documented European contact with the Philippines
ID: 5622
1528
ID: 3533
Miraculous Image of Our Lady of Guadalupe (Extremadura, Spain) discovered - Hidden during Moorish occupation - Becomes center of Spanish devotion
ID: 3533
1528
ID: 5690
Cortés brings chocolate to Spain - Spanish add sugar, keep preparation secret for nearly a century
ID: 5690
1536
ID: 2291
Spain establishes quiebra (bankruptcy) procedures - automatic stay on creditor actions, elected syndics manage estate
ID: 2291
1540
ID: 5668
First tomatoes arrive in Spain - initially grown as ornamental curiosity, feared poisonous due to nightshade family
ID: 5668
1565
ID: 5624
Miguel López de Legazpi establishes the first permanent Spanish settlement in Cebu, beginning 333 years of Spanish colonial rule
ID: 5624
1570
ID: 5670
Spanish bring potatoes from Peru to Europe - initially curiosity for botanists, not recognized as food
ID: 5670
1571
ID: 5625
June 24, 1571
Spanish conquistador Miguel López de Legazpi establishes Manila as the capital of the Spanish East Indies
ID: 5625
1610
ID: 3455
Miracle of Holy Face image at Spanish monastery - Nun sees Face of Christ bleed during prayer - Blood analyzed as human type AB (same as Shroud)
ID: 3455
1744
ID: 5626
Francisco Dagohoy leads the longest revolt in Philippine history against Spanish rule in Bohol, lasting 85 years until 1829
ID: 5626
1861
ID: 5627
June 19, 1861
Birth of José Rizal, national hero of the Philippines, whose writings inspired the Philippine Revolution
ID: 5627
1896
ID: 5629
August 23, 1896
Cry of Pugad Lawin (Cry of Balintawak) - Andrés Bonifacio and the Katipunan begin the Philippine Revolution against Spain
ID: 5629
1896
ID: 5628
December 30, 1896
José Rizal executed by firing squad at Bagumbayan (now Rizal Park) in Manila for rebellion, sedition and conspiracy
ID: 5628
1898
ID: 5630
December 10, 1898
Treaty of Paris signed - Spain cedes the Philippines to the United States for $20 million after the Spanish-American War
ID: 5630