Location:
Germany
Coordinates:
52.5200, 13.4050
Events at Berlin (38)
1807
ID: 5574
Prussian Military Reform Commission established after devastating defeat at Jena-Auerstedt - Scharnhorst and Gneisenau begin revolutionary reforms
ID: 5574
1808
ID: 5575
Scharnhorst implements Krumpersystem - rotating short-term conscripts to build trained reserve army despite Napoleon's 42,000-man limit
ID: 5575
1810
ID: 5576
Prussian War Academy (Kriegsakademie) founded in Berlin - creates professional general staff officer corps with scientific military education
ID: 5576
1813
ID: 5577
Universal conscription introduced in Prussia - every male citizen owes military service, creating Landwehr (militia) system
ID: 5577
1832
ID: 5578
Carl von Clausewitz's 'On War' published posthumously - revolutionizes military theory with concepts of friction, fog of war, and war as politics
ID: 5578
1857
ID: 5579
Helmuth von Moltke the Elder becomes Chief of Prussian General Staff - begins modernizing army with railways and telegraph
ID: 5579
1859
ID: 5580
Albrecht von Roon becomes Prussian War Minister - proposes army reorganization extending service to 3 years, strengthening regular army over Landwehr
ID: 5580
1862
ID: 5581
Prussian constitutional crisis begins - parliament refuses military budget, Bismarck rules without approval to fund Roon's army reforms
ID: 5581
1862
ID: 5582
Moltke institutionalizes Kriegsspiel (war games) for general staff training - officers practice campaigns on detailed maps with dice for friction
ID: 5582
1864
ID: 5583
Moltke perfects railway mobilization plans - Prussia can concentrate armies faster than any European power using detailed timetables
ID: 5583
1864
ID: 5584
Prussian army fully equipped with Dreyse needle gun - breech-loading rifle allows soldiers to fire prone at 5 rounds per minute
ID: 5584
1865
ID: 5585
Prussian army adopts flexible company column tactics - independent unit maneuver replaces rigid line formations, emphasizing firepower
ID: 5585
1866
ID: 5586
Moltke implements Auftragstaktik (mission-type tactics) - subordinate commanders given objectives but freedom in execution
ID: 5586
1866
ID: 5588
Seven Weeks' War ends - Prussia's military reforms proven decisive, Moltke's planning and modern army crush traditional Austrian forces
ID: 5588
1867
ID: 5589
Prussian army adopts Krupp steel breech-loading artillery - superior range and rate of fire over bronze muzzle-loaders
ID: 5589
1869
ID: 5590
Moltke develops Vernichtungsgedanke (annihilation concept) - strategic encirclement to destroy enemy armies, not just defeat them
ID: 5590
1869
ID: 5591
Moltke introduces staff rides - officers study actual terrain where battles might occur, practicing reconnaissance and planning
ID: 5591
1897
ID: 5592
German machine tool industry begins precision revolution - Loewe & Co. in Berlin produces lathes accurate to 0.001mm
ID: 5592
1897
ID: 5603
Hermann Pfauter patents gear hobbing machine in Germany - revolutionizes precision gear manufacturing
ID: 5603
1900
ID: 5594
German metallurgists study Taylor-White high-speed steel from America, begin developing superior tool steels
ID: 5594
1900
ID: 5604
German dual education system produces highly skilled machinists - apprentice-journeyman-Meister progression becomes global model
ID: 5604
1900
ID: 5614
'Made in Germany' becomes mark of quality - British attempt to stigmatize German goods completely backfires as German engineering reputation grows
ID: 5614
1906
ID: 5593
Friedrich Kick develops scientific theory of chip formation in metal cutting - establishes mathematical basis for machining
ID: 5593
1913
ID: 5615
German exports to Britain reach £40 million - 'Made in Germany' now premium brand, Germany surpasses Britain in steel production
ID: 5615
1917
ID: 5595
DIN (Deutsches Institut für Normung) founded - German standardization revolutionizes precision manufacturing
ID: 5595
1919
ID: 5596
German engineers perfect precision grinding machines (Schleifmaschinen) achieving surface finishes under 0.1 micron
ID: 5596
1919
ID: 5609
DIN standardizes metric threads - German thread cutting becomes global standard replacing various national systems
ID: 5609
1920
ID: 5599
VDI (Verein Deutscher Ingenieure) establishes machining research committees - systematic study of cutting forces and tool wear
ID: 5599
1923
ID: 5600
German machine tool builders like DMG (Deutsche Maschinenfabrik) begin dominating precision milling machine market
ID: 5600
1924
ID: 5605
AWF (Ausschuss für wirtschaftliche Fertigung) established - applies scientific management to German machining
ID: 5605
1925
ID: 5608
German chemical industry develops synthetic cutting fluids - improved cooling and lubrication increases tool life 300%
ID: 5608
1926
ID: 5598
Krupp develops sintered tungsten carbide cutting tools - 'Widia' (Wie Diamant - like diamond) revolutionizes machining speeds
ID: 5598
1929
ID: 5602
German engineers develop first quantitative surface roughness measurement standards and instruments
ID: 5602
1935
ID: 5597
German machining researcher Max Kronenberg publishes comprehensive chip formation mechanics, influencing Ernst and Merchant
ID: 5597
1937
ID: 5606
German researchers establish optimal tool geometry relationships - rake angles, clearance angles for different materials
ID: 5606
1940
ID: 5610
German researchers identify regenerative chatter in machining - develop mathematical models for vibration control
ID: 5610
1948
ID: 5611
German machine tool industry rebuilds after war - focus on precision and quality establishes 'German engineering' reputation
ID: 5611
1949
ID: 5607
German engineers begin developing numerical control concepts parallel to MIT work, focusing on programming languages
ID: 5607