William IX Duke of Aquitaine

William IX of Aquitaine begins composing troubadour poetry - grandfather of Eleanor, creates first known vernacular love lyrics in Occitan

William IX returns from disastrous crusade - writes bawdy and satirical songs, invents 'fin'amor' (refined love) tradition

Troubadour culture flourishes in Aquitaine - William IX establishes courts of love, patronizes poets, creates new art form