Events from 1100

First recorded use of term 'universitas' for collective legal personality - Bologna students form universitas scholarium with legal rights as corporate body

William IX of Aquitaine begins composing troubadour poetry - grandfather of Eleanor, creates first known vernacular love lyrics in Occitan

Occitan becomes literary language - troubadour poetry makes langue d'oc the language of refined culture across southern Europe

Cluniac order reaches peak with over 1,000 monasteries and 20,000 monks across Europe, all under direct authority of Abbot of Cluny

Karimi merchants dominate Cairo spice trade - mysterious guild controls Red Sea-Mediterranean transshipment, immense wealth

Henry I's Charter of Liberties addresses sheriff abuses - promises to end sheriffs' extortions but maintains their role in protecting royal revenues from baronial grants

William II Rufus killed by arrow while hunting - Henry I seizes English throne, some suspect assassination

Death of William Rufus in New Forest - shot by arrow while hunting, Walter Tirel flees, Henry seizes treasury

Henry I crowned three days after Rufus dies - issues Charter of Liberties to win support, promises to end Rufus's abuses

Henry I marries Matilda of Scotland - descendant of Anglo-Saxon kings, unites Norman and Saxon royal lines