Events from 1209

Franciscan Order receives papal approval from Innocent III

John excommunicated by Pope Innocent III - dispute over Archbishop of Canterbury appointment, England under interdict for six years

Philip Augustus allows Albigensian Crusade - northern barons invade Languedoc, eventually brings south under royal control

Albigensian Crusade begins destroying troubadour culture - northern French attack Occitan lands, courts destroyed, patrons killed

Massacre at Béziers - 'Kill them all, God will know his own' - troubadour courts annihilated, Occitan culture suppressed

Massacre at Béziers - Arnaud Amaury orders 'Kill them all, God will know his own' - 20,000 civilians slaughtered including Catholics

Siege of Carcassonne - Simon de Montfort takes city, becomes leader of crusade, Raymond-Roger Trencavel dies in captivity