Events from 1215

Count Louis of Looz calls Christina 'mother,' rises to meet her - she rebukes his injustices with maternal authority

First Barons' War begins - barons rebel against John's tyranny and financial extortion, invite French prince Louis to be king

Genghis Khan captures Beijing - Mongols destroy Jin Dynasty capital

Cathar consolamentum described - single sacrament combining baptism, confirmation, ordination, and extreme unction, followed often by endura

Magna Carta signed at Runnymede - limiting royal power under law

Magna Carta sealed at Runnymede - limiting royal power under law, establishing due process, 'law of the land' clause becomes foundation of constitutionalism

Fourth Lateran Council - mandates annual confession, defines transubstantiation

Fourth Lateran Council mandates annual confession and prohibits clergy from participating in ordeals - transforms both spiritual discipline and legal proof