Events Tagged: "computing"

157 events with tag "computing"

1884 ID: 4216
Herman Hollerith files first patent application for his electromechanical punched card tabulator while working at U.S. Patent Office
ID: 4216
1886 ID: 4217
Hollerith receives his first patent (U.S. Patent 395,782) for 'Art of Compiling Statistics' - foundation of punch card data processing
ID: 4217
1889 ID: 4218
Hollerith's tabulating system successfully tested by Baltimore Department of Health for vital statistics
ID: 4218
1890 ID: 4219
Hollerith's electric tabulating machines process U.S. Census in 2.5 years instead of predicted 13 years - saves $5 million
ID: 4219
1896 ID: 4220
Herman Hollerith founds the Tabulating Machine Company to manufacture and market his punch card equipment
ID: 4220
1900 ID: 4221
Hollerith develops automatic card-feed mechanism and automatic sorting box - major improvements to tabulating system
ID: 4221
1906 ID: 4222
Hollerith introduces Type I Tabulator with plug-board wiring for flexible programming of tabulation tasks
ID: 4222
1907 ID: 4223
U.S. Census Bureau cancels Hollerith contract due to high costs, begins developing own equipment with James Powers
ID: 4223
1911 ID: 4225
James Powers founds Powers Accounting Machine Company as competitor to C-T-R, offering printing tabulators
ID: 4225
1911 ID: 4224
June 16, 1911
Charles Flint merges Tabulating Machine Company with three other firms to create Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company (C-T-R)
ID: 4224
1914 ID: 4226
Thomas J. Watson Sr. joins C-T-R as general manager, begins transformation of company culture and expansion
ID: 4226
1915 ID: 4227
Watson becomes president of C-T-R, introduces 'THINK' motto and aggressive sales training programs
ID: 4227
1920 ID: 4228
C-T-R introduces printing tabulator to compete with Powers machines - can print results directly on paper
ID: 4228
1921 ID: 4229
Hollerith retires from C-T-R board, ends active involvement in punch card industry he created
ID: 4229
1924 ID: 4230
February 14, 1924
C-T-R renamed International Business Machines Corporation (IBM) under Watson's leadership
ID: 4230
1927 ID: 4231
Powers Accounting Machine Company acquired by Remington Rand, creating major IBM competitor
ID: 4231
1928 ID: 4232
IBM introduces 80-column punch card format, replacing 45-column cards - becomes industry standard for decades
ID: 4232
1928 ID: 4249
Remington Rand introduces 90-column punch card to compete with IBM's 80-column standard - not widely adopted
ID: 4249
1929 ID: 4233
November 17, 1929
Herman Hollerith dies at age 69 - his punch card technology foundation for modern computing industry
ID: 4233
1930 ID: 4250
Remington Rand develops line of accounting machines and calculators to compete with IBM in business market
ID: 4250
1931 ID: 4234
IBM introduces Type 600 series multiplying punch - first machine to perform multiplication automatically
ID: 4234
1933 ID: 4235
IBM introduces Type 285 Printing Tabulator and Type 401 Alphabetical Accounting Machine
ID: 4235
1935 ID: 4236
IBM's punch card operation processes Social Security enrollment for 26 million Americans
ID: 4236
1936 ID: 4237
IBM introduces Type 601 Multiplying Punch with relay-based calculation - 100 cards per minute
ID: 4237
1936 ID: 4582
Alonzo Church develops lambda calculus - foundation for functional programming
ID: 4582
1937 ID: 4238
IBM collaborates with Howard Aiken on Harvard Mark I design, applying punch card technology to general computation
ID: 4238
1940 ID: 4239
U.S. Census uses IBM equipment exclusively - processes 58 million punch cards for population data
ID: 4239
1941 ID: 4291
May 1941
Konrad Zuse completes Z3 in Berlin - world's first working programmable, automatic digital computer
ID: 4291
1942 ID: 4251
Remington Rand produces fire control equipment and other military devices during World War II
ID: 4251
1942 ID: 4292
Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC) completed at Iowa State - first electronic digital computer but not programmable
ID: 4292
1943 ID: 4240
IBM dedicates all production to Allied war effort - punch card machines used for military logistics and calculations
ID: 4240
1943 ID: 4293
December 1943
Tommy Flowers completes Colossus Mark I at Bletchley Park - first programmable electronic computer for codebreaking
ID: 4293
1944 ID: 4241
August 1944
IBM completes Harvard Mark I (ASCC) - 51 feet long, uses punch cards for input, bridges mechanical and electronic computing
ID: 4241
1945 ID: 4583
Von Neumann architecture described - stored program concept revolutionizes computing
ID: 4583
1945 ID: 4294
June 1945
Von Neumann writes 'First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC' - defines stored-program computer architecture
ID: 4294
1946 ID: 4242
IBM introduces Type 602-A Calculating Punch and 603 Electronic Multiplier - first IBM products with vacuum tubes
ID: 4242
1946 ID: 4254
EMCC receives contract from U.S. Census Bureau for UNIVAC I - first computer designed for business use
ID: 4254
1946 ID: 4295
Alan Turing proposes Automatic Computing Engine (ACE) design at National Physical Laboratory
ID: 4295
1946 ID: 4296
Engineering Research Associates founded by Navy cryptographers and William Norris - builds computers for military
ID: 4296
1946 ID: 4252
February 1946
Eckert and Mauchly complete ENIAC at University of Pennsylvania - first general-purpose electronic digital computer
ID: 4252
1946 ID: 4253
December 1946
Eckert and Mauchly leave University of Pennsylvania to found Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation (EMCC) to build UNIVAC
ID: 4253
1947 ID: 4297
December 23, 1947
Bardeen, Brattain, and Shockley demonstrate first working transistor at Bell Labs - revolutionizes electronics
ID: 4297
1948 ID: 4243
IBM introduces Type 604 Electronic Calculating Punch - 1,400 vacuum tubes, programmable via plugboard
ID: 4243
1948 ID: 4255
Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation faces severe financial difficulties - seeks buyer to continue UNIVAC development
ID: 4255
1948 ID: 4298
June 21, 1948
Manchester Baby runs first stored-program - world's first electronic stored-program computer executes software
ID: 4298
1949 ID: 4244
IBM introduces Card-Programmed Electronic Calculator (CPC) - combines 604 with other units for complex calculations
ID: 4244
1949 ID: 4300
Jay Forrester and An Wang develop magnetic core memory at MIT - reliable random-access memory for computers
ID: 4300
1949 ID: 4299
May 1949
Maurice Wilkes completes EDSAC at Cambridge - first practical stored-program computer for regular use
ID: 4299
1950 ID: 4245
IBM punch card revenue exceeds $500 million annually - dominates business data processing market before electronic computers
ID: 4245
1950 ID: 4256
February 1950
Remington Rand acquires Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation for $437,500 plus stock - gains UNIVAC technology and contracts
ID: 4256
1951 ID: 4258
March 1951
Remington Rand delivers UNIVAC I Serial #1 to U.S. Census Bureau - first commercial computer produced in United States
ID: 4258
1952 ID: 4301
Grace Hopper develops A-0 compiler at Remington Rand - first compiler automatically translates code
ID: 4301
1952 ID: 4302
April 1952
IBM announces 701 Defense Calculator - IBM's first commercial scientific computer, 19 installations
ID: 4302
1952 ID: 4257
May 1952
Remington Rand acquires Engineering Research Associates (ERA) - gains cryptography and military computing expertise
ID: 4257
1952 ID: 4259
November 1952
UNIVAC I correctly predicts Eisenhower landslide on CBS television with only 7% of vote counted - public introduction to computers
ID: 4259
1953 ID: 4260
Remington Rand holds brief lead in computer market with UNIVAC installations before IBM 701 gains momentum
ID: 4260
1953 ID: 4261
Remington Rand creates UNIVAC Division under General Leslie Groves (Manhattan Project) to manage computer operations
ID: 4261
1954 ID: 4262
Remington Rand announces UNIVAC II with magnetic core memory replacing mercury delay lines - major performance improvement
ID: 4262
1954 ID: 4303
IBM begins developing FORTRAN under John Backus - first high-level programming language for science
ID: 4303
1955 ID: 4304
Bell Labs completes TRADIC - first fully transistorized computer for Air Force
ID: 4304
1955 ID: 4263
June 1955
Remington Rand merges with Sperry Corporation to form Sperry Rand Corporation - creates major electronics and computer conglomerate
ID: 4263
1956 ID: 4264
IBM surpasses Sperry Rand in computer installations - IBM's superior sales force and business focus defeats technical advantages
ID: 4264
1956 ID: 4265
Justice Department forces IBM and Sperry Rand to cross-license patents in consent decree - opens computer market
ID: 4265
1956 ID: 4305
September 1956
IBM introduces 305 RAMAC with first hard disk drive - 5 million characters on 50 disks
ID: 4305
1957 ID: 4308
William Norris founds Control Data Corporation with Seymour Cray as chief designer - focus on supercomputers
ID: 4308
1957 ID: 4307
August 1957
Ken Olsen and Harlan Anderson found Digital Equipment Corporation with $70,000 - future minicomputer leader
ID: 4307
1957 ID: 4306
October 1957
Fairchild Semiconductor founded by 'Traitorous Eight' from Shockley - begins Silicon Valley revolution
ID: 4306
1958 ID: 4309
September 1958
Jack Kilby demonstrates first integrated circuit at Texas Instruments - multiple components on single chip
ID: 4309
1959 ID: 4311
DEC introduces PDP-1 designed by Gordon Bell - $120,000 interactive computer with display, starts minicomputer era
ID: 4311
1959 ID: 4312
Grace Hopper leads development of COBOL - Common Business-Oriented Language for business computing
ID: 4312
1959 ID: 4310
January 1959
Robert Noyce invents planar integrated circuit at Fairchild - practical method for mass production
ID: 4310
1960 ID: 4313
CDC delivers 1604 designed by Seymour Cray - first commercially successful fully transistorized computer
ID: 4313
1961 ID: 4314
November 1961
MIT demonstrates Compatible Time-Sharing System (CTSS) - multiple users share single computer
ID: 4314
1962 ID: 4315
Manchester University Atlas computer introduces virtual memory - automatic memory management
ID: 4315
1963 ID: 4316
ASCII character encoding standard published - becomes universal text representation standard
ID: 4316
1964 ID: 4319
CDC delivers 6600 supercomputer - 3 megaflops, world's fastest computer for 5 years
ID: 4319
1964 ID: 4317
April 1964
IBM announces System/360 - $5 billion gamble on compatible computer family revolutionizes industry
ID: 4317
1964 ID: 4318
May 1964
John Kemeny and Thomas Kurtz create BASIC at Dartmouth - simple programming language for students
ID: 4318
1965 ID: 4504
Ted Nelson coins 'hypertext' and develops transclusion concept - include by reference not copy, enabling automatic update propagation
ID: 4504
1965 ID: 4320
March 1965
DEC introduces PDP-8 for $18,000 - first mass-produced minicomputer, sells 50,000 units
ID: 4320
1965 ID: 4321
April 1965
Gordon Moore predicts transistor density will double every year - Moore's Law shapes semiconductor industry
ID: 4321
1967 ID: 4322
Term 'minicomputer' widely adopted for computers under $25,000 - new market segment established
ID: 4322
1968 ID: 4323
Data General founded by DEC engineers - Nova minicomputer uses single board design
ID: 4323
1968 ID: 4505
Douglas Engelbart demonstrates NLS system with hypertext, mouse, video conferencing - 'Mother of All Demos'
ID: 4505
1968 ID: 4378
July 18, 1968
Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore found Intel with Andy Grove as #3 - 'Integrated Electronics' with $2.5 million from Arthur Rock
ID: 4378
1968 ID: 4324
December 1968
Douglas Engelbart demonstrates mouse, hypertext, video conferencing - 'Mother of All Demos' shows future
ID: 4324
1969 ID: 4325
Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie begin developing UNIX at Bell Labs - foundation of modern operating systems
ID: 4325
1970 ID: 4326
January 1970
DEC introduces PDP-11 - most successful minicomputer line, influences all modern computer architectures
ID: 4326
1970 ID: 4327
July 1970
Xerox establishes Palo Alto Research Center (PARC) under Robert Taylor - computer research lab that invents future
ID: 4327
1971 ID: 4328
November 1971
Intel releases 4004 microprocessor designed by Ted Hoff and Federico Faggin - first commercial microprocessor, 2,300 transistors
ID: 4328
1972 ID: 4329
Alan Kay and team at Xerox PARC develop Smalltalk - first pure object-oriented programming language with GUI
ID: 4329
1972 ID: 4382
April 1972
Intel releases 8008 processor - 8-bit CPU with 3,500 transistors, foundation for 8080
ID: 4382
1973 ID: 4330
March 1973
Xerox PARC completes Alto computer - first workstation with mouse, windows, icons, Ethernet, laser printing
ID: 4330
1973 ID: 4331
May 1973
Bob Metcalfe invents Ethernet at Xerox PARC - local area networking standard still used today
ID: 4331
1974 ID: 4332
Gary Kildall creates CP/M operating system - becomes standard for 8-bit microcomputers before MS-DOS
ID: 4332
1974 ID: 4386
Motorola releases 6800 processor - competes with Intel 8080, simpler architecture
ID: 4386
1974 ID: 4333
April 1974
Intel releases 8080 microprocessor - becomes standard for first generation microcomputers
ID: 4333
1975 ID: 4334
January 1975
MITS Altair 8800 featured in Popular Electronics - first commercially successful microcomputer kit, sparks revolution
ID: 4334
1975 ID: 4335
April 1975
Bill Gates and Paul Allen found Microsoft to develop BASIC interpreter for Altair 8800
ID: 4335
1975 ID: 4336
September 1975
Chuck Peddle designs MOS 6502 processor for $25 - enables affordable home computers
ID: 4336
1976 ID: 4338
Seymour Cray delivers Cray-1 supercomputer - 160 MFLOPS, iconic C-shape design for cooling
ID: 4338
1976 ID: 4337
April 1976
Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs found Apple Computer, sell Apple I board for $666.66
ID: 4337
1976 ID: 4384
July 1976
Zilog releases Z80 designed by Faggin and Masatoshi Shima - 8080-compatible, powers countless computers
ID: 4384
🏢 Zilog
1977 ID: 4339
June 1977
Apple II launched - first mass-produced color graphics personal computer, defines home computing
ID: 4339
1977 ID: 4340
August 1977
Tandy TRS-80 and Commodore PET launched - with Apple II, form '1977 Trinity' of personal computers
ID: 4340
1977 ID: 4341
October 1977
DEC introduces VAX-11/780 - 32-bit minicomputer extends PDP-11 architecture, dominates 1980s
ID: 4341
1978 ID: 4387
June 1978
Intel introduces 8086 - first x86 processor, 16-bit architecture that dominates for decades
ID: 4387
1979 ID: 4388
June 1979
Intel releases 8088 - 8-bit external bus version of 8086, chosen for IBM PC to reduce costs
ID: 4388
1979 ID: 4343
September 1979
Motorola releases 68000 processor - 32-bit architecture powers workstations and Macintosh
ID: 4343
1979 ID: 4342
October 1979
Dan Bricklin and Bob Frankston release VisiCalc for Apple II - first spreadsheet, killer app for business
ID: 4342
1981 ID: 4348
Apollo Computer ships DN100 workstation - first with built-in networking, token ring architecture
ID: 4348
1981 ID: 4344
April 1981
Xerox introduces Star workstation - first commercial computer with GUI, icons, mouse, $16,595
ID: 4344
1981 ID: 4347
April 1981
Adam Osborne introduces Osborne 1 - first commercial portable computer, weighs 24 pounds, $1,795
ID: 4347
1981 ID: 4345
August 1981
IBM introduces Personal Computer with MS-DOS - open architecture creates industry standard
ID: 4345
1981 ID: 4346
August 1981
Microsoft provides MS-DOS for IBM PC - bought from Seattle Computer Products, foundation of Microsoft empire
ID: 4346
1982 ID: 4349
February 1982
Sun Microsystems founded by Andy Bechtolsheim, Bill Joy, and others - 'Stanford University Network' workstations
ID: 4349
1982 ID: 4350
November 1982
Jim Clark founds Silicon Graphics Inc. - specialized 3D graphics workstations for CAD and entertainment
ID: 4350
1982 ID: 4351
November 1982
Compaq founded, creates first IBM PC compatible portable computer - reverse engineers BIOS legally
ID: 4351
1982 ID: 4352
December 1982
Autodesk releases AutoCAD - brings computer-aided design to personal computers, democratizes CAD
ID: 4352
1983 ID: 4353
January 1983
Lotus releases 1-2-3 spreadsheet - killer app for IBM PC, faster than VisiCalc, integrates graphics
ID: 4353
1983 ID: 4354
January 1983
Apple introduces Lisa - first personal computer with GUI and mouse sold to public, $9,995
ID: 4354
1983 ID: 4355
September 1983
Richard Stallman announces GNU Project - free software movement to create Unix-like system
ID: 4355
1984 ID: 4389
Motorola releases 68020 - full 32-bit processor with 200,000 transistors, used in Unix workstations
ID: 4389
1984 ID: 4391
MIPS Computer Systems founded to commercialize Stanford RISC research - challenges Intel with simpler design
ID: 4391
1984 ID: 4356
January 1984
Apple Macintosh launched with '1984' Super Bowl ad - GUI personal computer for $2,495, changes computing
ID: 4356
1984 ID: 4357
March 1984
Adobe releases PostScript page description language - enables desktop publishing revolution with laser printers
ID: 4357
1984 ID: 4358
June 1984
MIT releases X Window System - network-transparent GUI for Unix workstations, becomes standard
ID: 4358
1984 ID: 4359
August 1984
IBM introduces PC AT with Intel 80286 - 16-bit processor with memory protection, 6 MHz
ID: 4359
1985 ID: 4364
MIPS Computer Systems founded - commercializes RISC architecture from Stanford, challenges CISC
ID: 4364
1985 ID: 4362
July 1985
Aldus PageMaker for Macintosh released - with LaserWriter printer, creates desktop publishing industry
ID: 4362
1985 ID: 4363
July 1985
Commodore releases Amiga 1000 - advanced multimedia computer with custom chips for graphics and sound
ID: 4363
1985 ID: 4361
October 1985
Intel introduces 80386 processor - first 32-bit x86 processor, 275,000 transistors, virtual memory
ID: 4361
1985 ID: 4360
November 1985
Microsoft releases Windows 1.0 - graphical shell for MS-DOS, limited success but foundation for future
ID: 4360
1986 ID: 4365
Thinking Machines delivers CM-1 Connection Machine - 65,536 processors for parallel computing and AI
ID: 4365
1986 ID: 4399
NexGen founded to develop Nx586 processor - RISC core with x86 translation, acquired by AMD in 1996
ID: 4399
🏢 NexGen
1986 ID: 4366
September 1986
Compaq beats IBM to market with first 80386 PC - establishes Compaq as technology leader
ID: 4366
1987 ID: 4368
Niklaus Wirth releases Oberon system - minimalist operating system and programming language at ETH Zurich
ID: 4368
1987 ID: 4367
July 1987
Sun introduces SPARC architecture - Scalable Processor Architecture for RISC workstations
ID: 4367
1987 ID: 4369
August 1987
Apple ships HyperCard with Macintosh - Bill Atkinson's hypertext system inspires World Wide Web
ID: 4369
1987 ID: 4370
December 1987
IBM and Microsoft release OS/2 1.0 - intended Windows successor, partnership later breaks down
ID: 4370
1988 ID: 4398
Cyrix Corporation founded - produces x86 processors for low-cost market, later acquired by National Semi
ID: 4398
1988 ID: 4371
October 1988
Steve Jobs unveils NeXT Computer - $6,500 workstation with advanced OS, influences Mac OS X
ID: 4371
1989 ID: 4373
February 1989
Will Wright releases SimCity - city simulation game demonstrates power of personal computers for complex modeling
ID: 4373
1989 ID: 4392
February 1989
Intel introduces i860 RISC processor - 'Cray on a chip' for graphics, limited commercial success
ID: 4392
1989 ID: 4372
April 1989
Intel releases 80486 - integrates CPU, FPU, and cache on single chip, 1.2 million transistors
ID: 4372
1990 ID: 4402
November 1990
ARM Ltd spun out from Acorn - designs low-power RISC processors, licenses to others, dominates mobile
ID: 4402
1991 ID: 4394
IBM, Motorola, and Apple announce PowerPC alliance - RISC architecture to challenge Intel dominance
ID: 4394
1991 ID: 4393
April 1991
AMD releases Am386 - reverse-engineered Intel 386 clone after legal battles, 40MHz vs Intel's 33MHz
ID: 4393
1992 ID: 4395
February 1992
DEC introduces Alpha 21064 - first 64-bit microprocessor, 200MHz, fastest processor of its time
ID: 4395
1993 ID: 4396
March 1993
Intel launches Pentium - superscalar architecture, 60MHz, 3.1 million transistors, new brand name
ID: 4396
1995 ID: 4397
AMD releases K5 - first AMD-designed x86 processor, competes with Pentium but arrives late
ID: 4397
1995 ID: 4400
DEC develops StrongARM - high-performance ARM processor, 233MHz, very low power consumption
ID: 4400
1995 ID: 4403
November 1995
Intel releases Pentium Pro - P6 microarchitecture, out-of-order execution, 5.5 million transistors
ID: 4403
1997 ID: 4404
April 1997
AMD launches K6 processor using NexGen technology - competitive with Pentium II at lower price
ID: 4404
1997 ID: 4405
May 1997
Intel introduces Pentium II - cartridge design, MMX instructions, 7.5 million transistors, 233-450MHz
ID: 4405
1999 ID: 4407
June 1999
AMD releases Athlon (K7) - first to reach 1GHz, briefly takes performance crown from Intel
ID: 4407
2000 ID: 4408
January 2000
Transmeta unveils Crusoe processor - x86 emulation on VLIW core, low power but slow, Linus Torvalds worked there
ID: 4408