1300s (21 events)
1300
ID: 2160
Bartolus de Saxoferrato begins developing conflict of laws doctrine - theories for determining which law applies when multiple jurisdictions involved
ID: 2160
1300
ID: 5763
Mamluk spice convoys run like clockwork - armed 'Mecca fleets' bring spices from Jeddah to Cairo, then overland to Alexandria
ID: 5763
1300
ID: 5847
Prague groschen introduced - Kutná Hora silver enables stable international currency, dominates Central European trade
ID: 5847
1302
ID: 5227
First Estates General convened - Philip IV summons three estates to Notre-Dame to support him against Pope
ID: 5227
1302
ID: 55
November 18, 1302
Unam Sanctam - Boniface VIII declares papal supremacy over temporal rulers
ID: 55
1303
ID: 2161
Unam Sanctam - Boniface VIII declares temporal power subject to spiritual, peak of papal legal claims before collapse at Anagni
ID: 2161
1303
ID: 56
September 7, 1303
Outrage at Anagni - Philip IV's men assault Pope Boniface VIII
ID: 56
1303
ID: 5228
September 7, 1303
Slap of Anagni - Philip IV's agents assault Pope Boniface VIII, Pope dies weeks later, papacy humiliated
ID: 5228
1304
ID: 94
First recorded use of cannon at siege of Metz - though ineffective, warfare forever changed
ID: 94
1305
ID: 2417
August 23, 1305
Execution of William Wallace - hanged, drawn and quartered at Smithfield, head displayed on London Bridge
ID: 2417
1306
ID: 3573
St. Angela of Foligno: Christ appears during Mass - 'I did not love you in jest. Look at Me and see if there is any part of Me that does not proclaim love for you' - Christ shows wounds: 'These I bore for you. I suffered all this because I loved you with an excessive love'
ID: 3573
1306
ID: 2418
March 25, 1306
Robert the Bruce crowned King of Scots - new Scottish rebellion begins despite Edward I's brutal suppression
ID: 2418
1307
ID: 2162
Knights Templar suppressed - Philip IV seizes Templar assets, demonstrating royal power over international religious corporation
ID: 2162
1307
ID: 2419
July 7, 1307
Death of Edward I at Burgh by Sands - dies marching to Scotland, allegedly asks for bones to be carried on future Scottish campaigns
ID: 2419
1307
ID: 2420
July 8, 1307
Edward II becomes king - weak ruler dominated by favorites, disastrous reign begins
ID: 2420
1307
ID: 57
October 13, 1307
Knights Templar arrested throughout France on Friday 13th
ID: 57
1307
ID: 5229
October 13, 1307
Templars arrested throughout France - Philip IV arrests all Templars on Friday 13th, begins destruction of order
ID: 5229
1308
ID: 149
Blessed Henry Suso experiences frequent levitations - describes mystical union as 'melting into God'
ID: 149
1308
ID: 5552
Charles I (Caroberto) of Anjou becomes king, begins consolidating royal power against oligarchs
ID: 5552
1308
ID: 2421
February 25, 1308
Edward II's coronation - Piers Gaveston carries crown, causing outrage among barons
ID: 2421
1309
ID: 58
Papacy moves to Avignon - beginning of 'Babylonian Captivity'
ID: 58
1310s (15 events)
1310
ID: 2422
Lords Ordainers appointed - twenty-one barons to reform realm and control Edward II, limit royal prerogative
ID: 2422
1310
ID: 5119
Council of Ten established - secret tribunal created after conspiracy, becomes permanent state security apparatus
ID: 5119
1310
ID: 5291
Dante honors troubadours in Divine Comedy - Arnaut Daniel speaks Occitan in Purgatorio, Bertran de Born appears in Inferno
ID: 5291
1312
ID: 59
Knights Templar dissolved by Council of Vienne under pressure from Philip IV
ID: 59
1312
ID: 2423
June 19, 1312
Murder of Piers Gaveston - captured and beheaded by barons at Blacklow Hill, Edward II vows revenge
ID: 2423
1314
ID: 5232
Tour de Nesle scandal - Philip IV's three daughters-in-law accused of adultery, two lovers executed, princesses imprisoned
ID: 5232
1314
ID: 60
March 18, 1314
Jacques de Molay burned at stake - last Templar Grand Master curses king and pope
ID: 60
1314
ID: 5230
March 18, 1314
Jacques de Molay burned at stake - last Templar Grand Master curses Philip IV and Pope from flames
ID: 5230
1314
ID: 2424
June 24, 1314
Battle of Bannockburn - Robert the Bruce crushes Edward II's army, Scottish independence secured
ID: 2424
1314
ID: 5231
November 29, 1314
Death of Philip IV - dies of stroke months after Molay's curse, leaves three sons, Louis X succeeds
ID: 5231
1315
ID: 2163
Year Books begin systematic reporting - creating body of English case law precedents, foundation of common law method
ID: 2163
1315
ID: 5233
April 30, 1315
Enguerrand de Marigny hanged - Philip IV's minister executed by Louis X, scapegoat for previous reign
ID: 5233
1316
ID: 5235
Philip V takes throne - excludes niece Joan and posthumous John I who dies at 5 days, establishes male-only succession
ID: 5235
1316
ID: 5234
June 5, 1316
Death of Louis X - dies after drinking cold wine following tennis match, leaves pregnant widow
ID: 5234
1318
ID: 5312
Jacques Fournier begins Pamiers inquisitions - meticulous interrogations of suspected Cathars, records daily life and beliefs in mountain villages
ID: 5312
1320s (18 events)
1320
ID: 118
Blessed Margaret of Castello dies - blind, lame, hunchbacked, abandoned by parents, becomes Dominican tertiary, miracles at tomb
ID: 118
1320
ID: 5313
Montaillou Cathar testimonies reveal disturbing beliefs - some perfecti taught that children were 'devils' until age of reason, pregnancy seen as demon possession
ID: 5313
1321
ID: 61
Dante completes Divine Comedy - medieval cosmology in vernacular poetry
ID: 61
1321
ID: 2425
Despenser War - barons rebel against Hugh Despenser's influence, Edward II defeats them and begins tyranny
ID: 2425
1321
ID: 5307
Last known Cathar perfectus burned - Guillaume Bélibaste executed in Villerouge-Termenès, Catharism extinct
ID: 5307
1322
ID: 5237
Charles IV the Fair becomes king - third son of Philip IV to reign, last direct Capetian
ID: 5237
1322
ID: 5236
January 3, 1322
Death of Philip V - dies without male heir after 5-year reign, brother Charles IV succeeds
ID: 5236
1322
ID: 2426
March 16, 1322
Battle of Boroughbridge - Edward II defeats Thomas of Lancaster, executions follow, Despenser rule supreme
ID: 2426
1324
ID: 5090
Death of Marco Polo - on deathbed refuses to recant stories, says 'I have not told half of what I saw'
ID: 5090
1324
ID: 5314
Jacques Fournier's registers document Cathar endura practices - records of parents allowing sick children to die through endura rather than give them food
ID: 5314
1326
ID: 2427
September 24, 1326
Isabella invades England - Queen Isabella and Roger Mortimer land with army, Edward II's support collapses
ID: 2427
1326
ID: 2428
November 16, 1326
Capture of Edward II - found hiding in Wales, imprisoned while Isabella and Mortimer rule
ID: 2428
1327
ID: 2282
First recorded cessio bonorum in Italian city-states - debtor surrenders all assets to creditors in exchange for discharge, prototype of bankruptcy
ID: 2282
1327
ID: 3574
St. Roch born with red cross birthmark on chest - heaven marking its plague healer
ID: 3574
1327
ID: 2429
January 24, 1327
Edward II forced to abdicate - first English king to be deposed, 14-year-old Edward III crowned
ID: 2429
1327
ID: 2430
September 21, 1327
Death of Edward II at Berkeley Castle - officially died naturally, likely murdered with red-hot poker
ID: 2430
1328
ID: 5238
February 1, 1328
Death of Charles IV - dies without male heir, direct Capetian line ends after 341 years, succession crisis begins
ID: 5238
1328
ID: 5239
May 29, 1328
Philip VI of Valois crowned - nephew of Philip IV chosen over Edward III of England, Valois dynasty begins, leads to Hundred Years' War
ID: 5239
1330s (10 events)
1330
ID: 146
Miracle at Blanot - consecrated wine turns to blood, coagulates in chalice
ID: 146
1330
ID: 2431
October 19, 1330
Nottingham Castle coup - Edward III seizes power at age 17, arrests Mortimer through secret tunnel
ID: 2431
1330
ID: 2432
November 29, 1330
Execution of Roger Mortimer - hanged at Tyburn for treason, Isabella retired to Castle Rising
ID: 2432
1332
ID: 4204
Dragon of Rhodes slain by Dieudonné de Gozon - Knight Hospitaller kills dragon, becomes Grand Master (Order chronicles)
ID: 4204
1333
ID: 2433
July 19, 1333
Battle of Halidon Hill - Edward III defeats Scots, new military tactics with longbowmen prove devastating
ID: 2433
1334
ID: 5315
December 20, 1334
Jacques Fournier becomes Pope Benedict XII - former inquisitor of Cathars, his detailed records preserve unique window into medieval heresy
ID: 5315
1337
ID: 62
Hundred Years' War begins between England and France
ID: 62
1337
ID: 2434
Hundred Years War begins - Edward III claims French throne through his mother Isabella
ID: 2434
1338
ID: 95
Hourglass appears on Lorenzetti's Allegory of Good Government - time becomes measurable commodity
ID: 95
1339
ID: 4785
Werner von Urslingen forms Great Company - German mercenaries in Italy, armor inscribed 'Enemy of God, Enemy of Pity'
ID: 4785
1340s (26 events)
1340
ID: 2283
Edward III defaults on loans from Peruzzi and Bardi banks - sovereign default causes collapse of major Italian banking houses
ID: 2283
1340
ID: 2435
June 24, 1340
Battle of Sluys - Edward III destroys French fleet, English control Channel for generation
ID: 2435
1341
ID: 4782
Byzantine civil war begins - empire exhausts itself while Ottomans expand in Anatolia
ID: 4782
1344
ID: 2164
Statute of Provisors - English parliament limits papal appointments to English benefices, asserting national control over church property
ID: 2164
1345
ID: 135
Miracle of Amsterdam - stolen Host thrown in fire won't burn, becomes major pilgrimage site
ID: 135
1345
ID: 4212
Lagarfljót Worm first recorded - Icelandic chronicles describe giant worm in Lagarfljót lake, multiple sightings over centuries
ID: 4212
1346
ID: 112
St. Bridget begins receiving visions - Christ dictates Fifteen Prayers on His Passion
ID: 112
1346
ID: 3759
Denmark sells Estonia to Teutonic Knights - financial crisis forces sale of Baltic territories
ID: 3759
1346
ID: 4163
Fourteen Holy Helpers devotion begins in Germany - response to Black Death, special intercessors against diseases
ID: 4163
1346
ID: 2436
July 12, 1346
Edward III invades Normandy - chevauchée (destructive raid) strategy devastates French countryside
ID: 2436
1346
ID: 63
August 26, 1346
Battle of Crécy - English longbows decimate French chivalry
ID: 63
1346
ID: 96
August 26, 1346
English use early cannons at Crécy - though longbows do most damage, gunpowder enters European battlefield
ID: 96
1346
ID: 2437
August 26, 1346
Battle of Crécy - English longbows slaughter French knights, 16-year-old Black Prince wins his spurs
ID: 2437
1347
ID: 34
Black Death arrives in Europe - will kill 1/3 of population
ID: 34
1347
ID: 3575
St. Bridget: Christ appears - 'I have chosen you as My bride... You shall be My channel'
ID: 3575
1347
ID: 4202
Dragon-shaped comet over Constantinople - Byzantine chronicles record dragon comet before Black Death arrives
ID: 4202
1347
ID: 21
March 25, 1347
St. Catherine of Siena born as Black Death strikes - 23rd of 25 children
ID: 21
1347
ID: 2438
August 3, 1347
Siege of Calais ends - Burghers of Calais spare city, Edward III gains vital English foothold in France for 200 years
ID: 2438
1348
ID: 64
University of Prague founded - first university in Central Europe
ID: 64
1348
ID: 2165
Black Death transforms legal relations - labor shortage leads to Statute of Laborers attempting to freeze wages and restrict movement
ID: 2165
1348
ID: 2440
Black Death reaches England - kills third of population, labor shortage transforms society
ID: 2440
1348
ID: 3576
St. Roch (age 21): Travels to plague-stricken Piacenza - Makes sign of cross over victims, immediate healings - Continues through Italy: Cesena, Rome, Rimini - hundreds of miraculous cures documented
ID: 3576
1348
ID: 5112
Black Death devastates Venice - kills 60% of population (about 60,000 people), temporary economic collapse
ID: 5112
1348
ID: 2439
April 23, 1348
Order of the Garter founded - Edward III creates most prestigious chivalric order, 'Honi soit qui mal y pense'
ID: 2439
1349
ID: 3577
St. Roch: Dog brings him bread daily in forest isolation - Spring water miraculously appears where he prays - Returns to heal more victims after recovery
ID: 3577
1349
ID: 3760
Black Death reaches Denmark - kills third of population, devastates economy and society
ID: 3760
1350s (9 events)
1350
ID: 2166
Bartolus writes on corporation theory - develops idea of corporate will distinct from members, foundation for modern corporate law
ID: 2166
1350
ID: 2284
Societas (partnership) forms standardized in Italian city-states - general and limited partnerships distinguished in notarial practice
ID: 2284
1351
ID: 2167
Statute of Laborers strengthened - criminalizes demanding higher wages, compulsory labor service, early labor law
ID: 2167
1351
ID: 2441
Statute of Laborers - attempt to freeze wages at pre-plague levels, maximum wage law fails
ID: 2441
1353
ID: 3578
The Shroud in Lirey, France - First Western exhibition - Geoffroi de Charny displays Shroud publicly - Pilgrims report healings before the image
ID: 3578
1353
ID: 3579
Holy Face miracle in Manoppello (Italy) - Veil with Christ's face appears mysteriously in church - Image changes expression when viewed from different angles - Cannot be replicated by artists
ID: 3579
1354
ID: 4786
Fra Moriale executed in Rome - 'Montreal' led Great Company, captured by Cola di Rienzo, beheaded
ID: 4786
1356
ID: 65
Golden Bull issued - establishing electoral system for Holy Roman Emperor
ID: 65
1356
ID: 2442
September 19, 1356
Battle of Poitiers - Black Prince captures French King John II, height of English military success
ID: 2442
1360s (11 events)
1360
ID: 2443
Treaty of Brétigny - Edward III renounces French crown for enlarged Aquitaine, massive ransom for King John
ID: 2443
1361
ID: 4787
White Company formed - unemployed English soldiers after Treaty of Bretigny, Albert Sterz leads
ID: 4787
1362
ID: 4788
John Hawkwood arrives in Italy - joins White Company at Pisa, begins 30-year Italian career
ID: 4788
1364
ID: 4789
Hawkwood becomes captain of White Company - after Sterz's departure, transforms it into elite force
ID: 4789
1364
ID: 4790
Battle of Cascina - Hawkwood's White Company defeats Florentines, demonstrates English longbow tactics
ID: 4790
1365
ID: 4801
Hawkwood captures two Malatesta brothers - ransom of 60,000 florins, mercenary warfare as business
ID: 4801
1366
ID: 3580
St. Catherine: Begins tending plague victims and prisoners - Witnesses report light emanating from her face during prayer - 'Be who God meant you to be and you will set the whole world on fire!'
ID: 3580
1367
ID: 143
St. Catherine of Siena receives invisible ring in mystical marriage to Christ - she alone can see it
ID: 143
1368
ID: 4717
Hongwu Emperor founds Ming Dynasty - expels Mongols, restores Chinese rule
ID: 4717
1368
ID: 4802
Hawkwood perfects false retreat - adapts Crecy tactics to Italy, mounted archers dismount to fight
ID: 4802
1369
ID: 2444
War resumes - France recovers under Charles V and Du Guesclin using Fabian tactics, avoiding battles
ID: 2444
1370s (29 events)
1370
ID: 22
St. Catherine's four-hour mystical death in Pisa - shown hell, purgatory, and heaven
ID: 22
1370
ID: 97
Public mechanical clock installed in Paris by Charles V - time becomes public rather than ecclesiastical property
ID: 97
1370
ID: 133
Julian of Norwich receives sixteen revelations - 'All shall be well, and all manner of thing shall be well'
ID: 133
1370
ID: 3581
St. Catherine: Four-hour mystical death in Pisa - Christ shows her hell, purgatory, and heaven - No breath or pulse detected - Returns saying: 'I have seen the hidden things of God'
ID: 3581
1370
ID: 3582
St. Bridget of Sweden: Christ dictates prayer - 'O Jesus Christ, eternal sweetness to those who love You, joy surpassing all joy and all desire'
ID: 3582
1370
ID: 4748
Timur seizes power in Transoxiana - claims descent from Genghis Khan, begins rebuilding Mongol Empire
ID: 4748
1370
ID: 4799
Hawkwood revolutionizes warfare - introduces English tactics, year-round campaigning, intelligence networks
ID: 4799
1370
ID: 5553
Louis I the Great becomes King of Poland too, Hungary reaches greatest territorial extent
ID: 5553
1373
ID: 126
St. Bridget dies in Rome after establishing Brigittines - leaves 700 revelations about reform
ID: 126
1374
ID: 144
Dancing plague spreads through Holy Roman Empire - people dance until death, clergy perform exorcisms
ID: 144
1374
ID: 3583
St. Catherine: Receives invisible stigmata in Pisa (April 1) - 'Lord, I beseech You, let not the marks appear outwardly' - Witnesses see her levitate
ID: 3583
1374
ID: 23
April 1, 1374
St. Catherine receives invisible stigmata in Pisa
ID: 23
1375
ID: 137
Richard Rolle dies - hermit mystic wrote 'Fire of Love' about physical heat felt in contemplation
ID: 137
1375
ID: 2285
Florence establishes specialized bankruptcy court - Mercanzia handles insolvency cases with summary procedure
ID: 2285
1375
ID: 3584
St. Catherine: Miraculously learns to write (previously illiterate) - Christ: 'I am He who is, you are she who is not' - Begins dictating 'Dialogue' - Christ on mercy: 'My mercy is incomparably greater than all the sins anyone could commit'
ID: 3584
1375
ID: 3761
Margaret I becomes regent - rules for infant son Olaf, begins path to Kalmar Union
ID: 3761
1375
ID: 4793
War of Eight Saints begins - Florence vs Pope Gregory XI, Hawkwood fights for both sides
ID: 4793
1376
ID: 2446
Good Parliament - first impeachment of royal ministers, Commons flexes new powers against corruption
ID: 2446
1376
ID: 3585
St. Catherine travels to Avignon - Tells Pope Gregory XI: 'Be a courageous man and not a timid child!' - Pope returns to Rome ending Avignon captivity
ID: 3585
1376
ID: 2445
June 8, 1376
Death of Black Prince - Edward III's heir dies of dysentery, succession passes to 9-year-old Richard
ID: 2445
1377
ID: 3586
St. Catherine: Levitates during Mass witnessed by future Pope Urban VI - Christ speaks: 'Never cease offering Me the incense of fragrant prayers' - 'Blood! Blood!' becomes her constant cry
ID: 3586
1377
ID: 4791
Massacre of Cesena - Hawkwood reluctantly participates in Papal massacre, 3000-5000 civilians killed
ID: 4791
1377
ID: 4792
Hawkwood switches to Florence - abandons Pope for Florence, begins long association with republic
ID: 4792
1377
ID: 4795
Hawkwood marries Donnina Visconti - illegitimate daughter of Bernabo, cements Milan alliance
ID: 4795
1377
ID: 2447
June 21, 1377
Death of Edward III - 50-year reign ends in senility, 10-year-old Richard II succeeds
ID: 2447
1377
ID: 2448
July 16, 1377
Richard II crowned - John of Gaunt effectively rules as uncle, child king surrounded by factions
ID: 2448
1378
ID: 66
Great Western Schism begins - two rival popes elected
ID: 66
1378
ID: 3587
St. Catherine begins having visions of Church's future trials - 'The Church will be persecuted and apparently destroyed, but will rise more beautiful' - Correctly prophesies coming Great Schism
ID: 3587
1379
ID: 4794
Battle of Montecchio - Hawkwood's tactical retreat saves Florentine forces from destruction
ID: 4794
1380s (19 events)
1380
ID: 2168
Use (trust) device becomes common in England - separating legal and beneficial ownership to avoid feudal incidents and control inheritance
ID: 2168
1380
ID: 3588
St. Catherine dies (April 29) - 'Father, into Your hands I commend my spirit' - Room fills with heavenly fragrance - Had offered life for Church unity, dies as Great Schism begins
ID: 3588
1380
ID: 4749
Timur begins western campaigns - conquers Persia, uses terror tactics exceeding even Mongols
ID: 4749
1380
ID: 4800
Condottieri system established - Italian wars fought by professional mercenary companies, not citizen militias
ID: 4800
1380
ID: 5113
War of Chioggia ends - Venice barely survives Genoese invasion of lagoon, emerges victorious, Genoa never recovers
ID: 5113
1380
ID: 24
April 29, 1380
St. Catherine dies - 'Father, into Your hands I commend my spirit'
ID: 24
1381
ID: 3589
St. Rita of Cascia born - parents childless for 12 years, conceived after pilgrimage
ID: 3589
1381
ID: 67
June 1381
Peasants' Revolt in England - 'When Adam delved and Eve span, who was then the gentleman?'
ID: 67
1381
ID: 2449
June 13, 1381
Peasants' Revolt reaches London - Wat Tyler's army burns Savoy Palace, kills Archbishop of Canterbury
ID: 2449
1381
ID: 2450
June 15, 1381
Richard II meets rebels at Smithfield - Wat Tyler killed, 14-year-old king faces down mob: 'I am your captain, follow me!'
ID: 2450
1382
ID: 68
John Wycliffe translates Bible into English - challenging Church monopoly on Scripture
ID: 68
1382
ID: 150
Wilsnack Pilgrimage begins - three miraculous bleeding Hosts survive church fire, thousands seek healing
ID: 150
1385
ID: 4803
Hawkwood's spy network revealed - extensive intelligence operation between Florence and Milan
ID: 4803
1386
ID: 2451
Wonderful Parliament - Lords Appellant challenge Richard II's favorites, threaten deposition
ID: 2451
1387
ID: 4796
Battle of Castagnaro - Hawkwood's greatest victory for Padua against Verona, tactical masterpiece
ID: 4796
1387
ID: 2452
December 20, 1387
Battle of Radcot Bridge - Lords Appellant defeat royalist forces, Richard II humiliated
ID: 2452
1388
ID: 2453
Merciless Parliament - Lords Appellant execute Richard's favorites, king forced to submit
ID: 2453
1389
ID: 138
First recorded liquefaction of St. Januarius's blood in Naples - continues to present day
ID: 138
1389
ID: 2454
May 3, 1389
Richard II declares majority - takes personal control of government at age 22, begins moderate rule
ID: 2454
1390s (23 events)
1390
ID: 4797
Hawkwood becomes Florence's Captain-General - permanent command, highest salary in Europe
ID: 4797
1391
ID: 2169
Statute of Mortmain extended to uses - attempt to prevent evasion of mortmain through trust device, showing crown recognition of trust mechanism
ID: 2169
1391
ID: 3590
St. Bridget's Revelations published posthumously - Contains 700 visions including on nominalism: 'Those who say universal ideas exist only in mind blaspheme against My creation'
ID: 3590
1392
ID: 4214
Imugi dragon supports new dynasty - Korean chronicle records dragon omen supporting founding of Joseon Dynasty
ID: 4214
1392
ID: 5530
Yi Seong-gye (Taejo) founds Joseon Dynasty, moves capital to Hanyang (Seoul)
ID: 5530
1394
ID: 2286
Barcelona creates first comprehensive bankruptcy statute - distinguishing honest from fraudulent bankruptcy, allowing composition with creditors
ID: 2286
1394
ID: 4798
Death of John Hawkwood - dies peacefully in Florence, state funeral, fresco in Duomo by Uccello
ID: 4798
1394
ID: 2455
June 7, 1394
Death of Queen Anne of Bohemia - Richard II grief-stricken, orders Sheen Palace demolished
ID: 2455
1395
ID: 4203
Visconti adopt Biscione dragon - Milan rulers adopt serpent swallowing man as heraldic device after dragon encounter
ID: 4203
1395
ID: 4750
Timur defeats Golden Horde - destroys Toqtamysh's army, breaks Mongol power in Russia
ID: 4750
1396
ID: 2456
Twenty-eight year truce with France - Richard II marries 6-year-old Isabella of Valois for peace
ID: 2456
1397
ID: 69
Kalmar Union unites Denmark, Sweden, and Norway under one crown
ID: 69
1397
ID: 2457
Richard's tyranny begins - arrests Lords Appellant, executes or exiles them, rules by fear
ID: 2457
1397
ID: 5126
Giovanni di Bicci de' Medici founds Medici Bank - becomes one of Europe's most prosperous financial institutions
ID: 5126
1398
ID: 4751
Timur sacks Delhi - massacres 100,000 Hindu prisoners before battle, builds pyramid of skulls
ID: 4751
1398
ID: 2458
September 16, 1398
Duel of Mowbray and Bolingbroke halted - Richard II exiles both, including cousin Henry Bolingbroke (future Henry IV)
ID: 2458
1399
ID: 113
St. Vincent Ferrer's apocalyptic preaching converts thousands - claims to be Angel of Apocalypse
ID: 113
1399
ID: 3591
Our Lady of Good Counsel - Miraculous image appears in Genazzano, Italy (April 25) - Fresco detaches from church wall in Scutari, Albania - Travels through air with white cloud - Paper-thin fresco hovers without support
ID: 3591
1399
ID: 2459
February 3, 1399
Death of John of Gaunt - Richard II seizes Lancaster estates, violates inheritance law
ID: 2459
1399
ID: 2460
July 4, 1399
Henry Bolingbroke invades England - lands at Ravenspur while Richard in Ireland, support floods to him
ID: 2460
1399
ID: 2461
August 19, 1399
Richard II captured at Flint Castle - tricked into surrender, taken to Tower of London
ID: 2461
1399
ID: 2462
September 30, 1399
Richard II abdicates - forced to resign crown in Westminster Hall, Henry IV acclaimed by Parliament
ID: 2462
1399
ID: 2463
October 13, 1399
Henry IV crowned - Lancastrian line begins, but legitimacy always questioned
ID: 2463