1200s (27 events)
1200
ID: 162
Christina knows fate of dying souls - writhes in agony for damned, dances with joy for saved; townspeople read deaths' outcomes in her reactions
ID: 162
1200
ID: 2146
Venice develops commenda contract - legal partnership for maritime trade where investor provides capital, merchant provides labor, profits split by agreement
ID: 2146
1200
ID: 4189
Bruncvik slays dragon to save lion - Czech prince kills dragon, gains loyal lion companion and magic sword (Bohemian chronicles)
ID: 4189
1200
ID: 5240
Philip Augustus charters University of Paris - grants privileges to students and masters, creates greatest medieval university
ID: 5240
1200
ID: 5301
Cathar perfecti practice endura - ritual fasting unto death after receiving consolamentum, seen as liberation from evil material world
ID: 5301
1200
ID: 5739
Pepper accepted as dowry and rent payment in Europe - 'peppercorn rent' enters legal vocabulary, spices function as currency
ID: 5739
1200
ID: 5894
Siegfried hunts aurochs in Nibelungenlied - hero kills aurochs along with bears and lions, showing prowess
ID: 5894
1202
ID: 5107
Fourth Crusade diverted by Venice - Doge Enrico Dandolo manipulates crusaders' debt to attack Venice's rivals
ID: 5107
1203
ID: 2388
Murder of Arthur of Brittany - John allegedly kills his nephew with his own hands at Rouen, turns barons against him
ID: 2388
1204
ID: 2389
Loss of Normandy - Philip Augustus takes Château Gaillard and Rouen, John loses ancestral Angevin lands, earns nickname 'Lackland'
ID: 2389
1204
ID: 4780
Fourth Crusade sacks Constantinople - worst disaster in Byzantine history, treasures looted, empire fragments
ID: 4780
1204
ID: 5108
Venice sacks Constantinople - directs Fourth Crusade against Byzantium, steals treasures including four bronze horses
ID: 5108
1204
ID: 5109
Venice gains 'Quarter and Half-Quarter' of Byzantine Empire - controls three-eighths of former Byzantine territories, becomes imperial power
ID: 5109
1204
ID: 5204
Philip Augustus takes Normandy - captures Rouen, ends 300 years of Norman control, John Lackland flees
ID: 5204
1204
ID: 36
April 12, 1204
Fourth Crusade sacks Constantinople - Latin Empire established, permanent schism between East and West deepened
ID: 36
1206
ID: 131
Crucifix of San Damiano speaks to St. Francis - 'Rebuild my Church which is falling into ruin'
ID: 131
1206
ID: 4735
Temujin proclaimed Genghis Khan - unites Mongol tribes, begins creating largest land empire in history
ID: 4735
1206
ID: 5309
Cathar beliefs on evil matter - taught material world created by evil demiurge, human souls trapped in bodies, procreation evil
ID: 5309
1208
ID: 1
Our Lady of the Rosary appears to St. Dominic at Prouille, giving him the Rosary as weapon against Albigensian heresy
ID: 1
1208
ID: 5058
Albigensian Crusade begins - after murder of papal legate, crusade launched against Cathars in southern France
ID: 5058
1209
ID: 37
Franciscan Order receives papal approval from Innocent III
ID: 37
1209
ID: 2390
John excommunicated by Pope Innocent III - dispute over Archbishop of Canterbury appointment, England under interdict for six years
ID: 2390
1209
ID: 5206
Philip Augustus allows Albigensian Crusade - northern barons invade Languedoc, eventually brings south under royal control
ID: 5206
1209
ID: 5281
Albigensian Crusade begins destroying troubadour culture - northern French attack Occitan lands, courts destroyed, patrons killed
ID: 5281
1209
ID: 5282
July 1209
Massacre at Béziers - 'Kill them all, God will know his own' - troubadour courts annihilated, Occitan culture suppressed
ID: 5282
1209
ID: 5297
July 22, 1209
Massacre at Béziers - Arnaud Amaury orders 'Kill them all, God will know his own' - 20,000 civilians slaughtered including Catholics
ID: 5297
1209
ID: 5298
August 1209
Siege of Carcassonne - Simon de Montfort takes city, becomes leader of crusade, Raymond-Roger Trencavel dies in captivity
ID: 5298
1210s (33 events)
1210
ID: 165
Christina spins like top in ecstasy, then angelic melody sounds between throat and chest - no breath from mouth or nose
ID: 165
1210
ID: 2147
Franciscan Order receives verbal approval - new form of religious corporation with radical poverty, challenging traditional monastic property holding
ID: 2147
1210
ID: 5299
July 1210
Massacre at Minerve - 140 Cathar perfecti refuse to recant and are burned alive, first mass burning of the crusade
ID: 5299
1211
ID: 4736
Mongols invade Jin Dynasty China - begin systematic conquest using Chinese siege engineers
ID: 4736
1211
ID: 5300
May 3, 1211
Massacre at Lavaur - 400 Cathar perfecti burned, Lady Guiraude thrown down well and stoned, 80 knights hanged
ID: 5300
1212
ID: 132
Children's Crusade - thousands of children attempt to reach Holy Land, most enslaved or die
ID: 132
1212
ID: 166
Illiterate Christina demonstrates perfect Latin knowledge and Scripture understanding at Looz - stays nine years with recluse Yvette
ID: 166
1212
ID: 3592
St. Dominic spreads Rosary devotion (1212-1214) - Documented: 100,000 heretics return to Catholic faith through Rosary crusade
ID: 3592
1212
ID: 5310
Children's Crusade diverted from Holy Land - some end up fighting Cathars in southern France instead
ID: 5310
1213
ID: 2
Battle of Muret - St. Dominic prays Rosary while Catholic forces defeat Albigensians
ID: 2
1213
ID: 163
Christina cries 'I see air filled with swords and blood!' - Battle of Steppes occurs same day with hundreds slain
ID: 163
1213
ID: 175
June 23, 1213
Blessed Marie d'Oignies dies - Beguine mystic whose Life by Jacques de Vitry first mentions Christina the Astonishing
ID: 175
1214
ID: 2391
July 27, 1214
Battle of Bouvines - John's coalition crushed by Philip Augustus, last hope of recovering French lands destroyed
ID: 2391
1214
ID: 5205
July 27, 1214
Battle of Bouvines - Philip Augustus defeats coalition of England, Flanders, and Empire, establishes France as major power
ID: 5205
1215
ID: 167
Count Louis of Looz calls Christina 'mother,' rises to meet her - she rebukes his injustices with maternal authority
ID: 167
1215
ID: 2392
First Barons' War begins - barons rebel against John's tyranny and financial extortion, invite French prince Louis to be king
ID: 2392
1215
ID: 4715
Genghis Khan captures Beijing - Mongols destroy Jin Dynasty capital
ID: 4715
1215
ID: 5308
Cathar consolamentum described - single sacrament combining baptism, confirmation, ordination, and extreme unction, followed often by endura
ID: 5308
1215
ID: 39
June 15, 1215
Magna Carta signed at Runnymede - limiting royal power under law
ID: 39
1215
ID: 2148
June 15, 1215
Magna Carta sealed at Runnymede - limiting royal power under law, establishing due process, 'law of the land' clause becomes foundation of constitutionalism
ID: 2148
1215
ID: 38
November 1215
Fourth Lateran Council - mandates annual confession, defines transubstantiation
ID: 38
1215
ID: 2149
November 1215
Fourth Lateran Council mandates annual confession and prohibits clergy from participating in ordeals - transforms both spiritual discipline and legal proof
ID: 2149
1216
ID: 2393
October 19, 1216
Death of King John at Newark - dies of dysentery after losing crown jewels in the Wash, eating 'surfeit of peaches'
ID: 2393
1216
ID: 2394
October 28, 1216
Henry III crowned at age 9 - William Marshal becomes regent, reissues Magna Carta to win barons back from French prince
ID: 2394
1217
ID: 40
University of Cambridge founded by scholars fleeing Oxford
ID: 40
1217
ID: 168
Christina warns Count Louis at Looz palace: 'One who treats you as friend reaches out hand to betray you' - later confirmed
ID: 168
1217
ID: 2395
Battle of Lincoln - William Marshal defeats rebel barons and French, young Henry III's throne secured
ID: 2395
1218
ID: 124
St. Peter Nolasco receives vision of Virgin Mary - founds Mercedarians to ransom Christian slaves
ID: 124
1218
ID: 169
Count Louis dies after confessing all sins since age 11 to Christina - she shares half his purgatorial punishments
ID: 169
1218
ID: 5302
June 25, 1218
Simon de Montfort killed at Toulouse - skull crushed by stone from mangonel operated by women and girls of the city
ID: 5302
1219
ID: 3755
Battle of Lyndanisse - Valdemar II conquers Estonia, legend of Dannebrog (Danish flag) falling from heaven
ID: 3755
1219
ID: 4737
Mongols invade Khwarazmian Empire - Genghis Khan destroys Bukhara, Samarkand after caravan massacre
ID: 4737
1219
ID: 5311
June 1219
Massacre at Marmande - 5,000 civilians killed by crusaders, Prince Louis (future Louis VIII) present
ID: 5311
1220s (36 events)
1220
ID: 41
Frederick II crowned Holy Roman Emperor - stupor mundi begins reign
ID: 41
1220
ID: 2150
Azo publishes Summa Codicis - becomes standard textbook of Roman law, 'Chi non ha Azzo non vada a palazzo' (Who doesn't have Azo shouldn't go to court)
ID: 2150
1220
ID: 4969
St. Anthony joins Franciscans - inspired by martyred friars in Morocco, becomes greatest preacher of his time
ID: 4969
1220
ID: 5283
Troubadour diaspora - surviving troubadours flee to Italy and Spain, influence Dante and dolce stil novo
ID: 5283
1220
ID: 5290
Sicilian School founded - Emperor Frederick II, influenced by troubadours, creates first Italian vernacular poetry school
ID: 5290
1221
ID: 3
St. Dominic's deathbed vision prophesying 'Flower and Doctor of the World' (later identified as Aquinas)
ID: 3
1221
ID: 4964
Birth of St. Bonaventure at Bagnoregio - future Doctor of the Church and 'Seraphic Doctor'
ID: 4964
1222
ID: 5549
Golden Bull of 1222 issued by Andrew II - Hungary's 'Magna Carta' limiting royal power
ID: 5549
1223
ID: 4
St. Francis creates first living Nativity scene at Greccio, witnesses see Christ Child appear in his arms
ID: 4
1223
ID: 139
Franciscan Rule approved by Honorius III - St. Francis wanted no possessions, not even Rule written down
ID: 139
1223
ID: 170
Christina reveals almost all humanity corrupt in spilling of seed - God's wrath will fall on Christendom
ID: 170
1223
ID: 3756
Valdemar II kidnapped - Count Henry of Schwerin captures king and son, Denmark pays huge ransom and loses territories
ID: 3756
1223
ID: 4738
Battle of Kalka River - Mongol reconnaissance force under Jebe and Subutai crushes Russian princes
ID: 4738
1223
ID: 5207
July 14, 1223
Death of Philip Augustus - dies at Mantes, tripled royal domain, created administrative monarchy, Louis VIII succeeds
ID: 5207
1223
ID: 5208
August 6, 1223
Coronation of Louis VIII the Lion - first Capetian not crowned during father's lifetime, succession now secure
ID: 5208
1224
ID: 111
St. Clare receives miraculous Communion from angel while ill - witnessed by sisters
ID: 111
1224
ID: 171
July 24, 1224
Christina dies, Sister Beatrice commands her return in Christ's name - Christina resurrects, answers question, dies third and final time
ID: 171
1224
ID: 5
September 14, 1224
St. Francis receives stigmata on Mount La Verna, becoming Christ's standard bearer
ID: 5
1225
ID: 6
Birth of Thomas Aquinas at Roccasecca - future Angelic Doctor born to nobility
ID: 6
1225
ID: 7
St. Francis composes Canticle of the Creatures while nearly blind
ID: 7
1225
ID: 140
St. Francis rolls in rose bush to combat temptation - roses bloom in winter, thorns disappear
ID: 140
1225
ID: 3593
St. Anthony of Padua: Miracle of the mule - Heretic's mule refuses food for three days, then kneels before Blessed Sacrament rather than eat, converting the heretic
ID: 3593
1226
ID: 5209
Louis VIII leads royal crusade against Cathars - takes Avignon after siege, establishes royal power in south
ID: 5209
1226
ID: 5211
Blanche of Castile becomes regent - Spanish mother rules France for minor son, defeats baronial rebellions
ID: 5211
1226
ID: 8
October 3, 1226
St. Francis dies welcoming 'Sister Death', larks circle at night
ID: 8
1226
ID: 5210
November 8, 1226
Death of Louis VIII - dies of dysentery returning from Albigensian Crusade, 12-year-old Louis IX succeeds
ID: 5210
1227
ID: 9
St. Anthony of Padua's miracle of bilocation - seen preaching in two churches simultaneously on Easter
ID: 9
1227
ID: 2396
Henry III begins personal rule at age 20 - weak king dominated by foreign favorites, especially Poitevins and Savoyards
ID: 2396
1227
ID: 3594
St. Anthony preaches to fish when heretics refuse to listen: 'Listen to the word of God, you fish of the sea and river, since the heretics refuse to hear it'
ID: 3594
1227
ID: 4739
Death of Genghis Khan - dies conquering Western Xia, empire divided among four sons
ID: 4739
1227
ID: 5212
Baronial rebellion against Blanche of Castile - Count of Champagne and others rebel against foreign woman regent, she prevails
ID: 5212
1227
ID: 5496
Dogen returns from China and establishes Soto Zen Buddhism in Japan
ID: 5496
1228
ID: 130
Miracle at Assisi - singing heard from tabernacle, St. Francis appears to brothers after death
ID: 130
1229
ID: 42
University of Toulouse founded to combat Cathar heresy through education
ID: 42
1229
ID: 5059
Treaty of Paris ends Albigensian Crusade - Cathar heresy largely suppressed, Inquisition established
ID: 5059
1229
ID: 5284
Treaty of Paris ends Albigensian Crusade - Languedoc subjugated, Inquisition established, troubadour tradition effectively ended
ID: 5284
1230s (16 events)
1230
ID: 2151
Liber Extra promulgated by Gregory IX - first official collection of papal decretals, systematizes canon law legislation
ID: 2151
1231
ID: 172
Christina's tomb opened after seven years - sweet fragrance fills all present, healing graces conferred on faithful
ID: 172
1231
ID: 5526
First Mongol invasion of Korea begins - Goryeo resists for nearly 30 years
ID: 5526
1231
ID: 10
June 13, 1231
St. Anthony dies - children cry 'The saint is dead!' 32 miracles verified within days
ID: 10
1231
ID: 4970
June 13, 1231
Death of St. Anthony of Padua at age 35 - Doctor of the Church, canonized within a year due to miracles
ID: 4970
1231
ID: 110
November 17, 1231
St. Elizabeth of Hungary dies at 24 - gave away entire royal fortune, miracle of roses when caught feeding poor
ID: 110
1232
ID: 43
Papal Inquisition established by Gregory IX
ID: 43
1232
ID: 125
St. Anthony of Padua canonized 11 months after death - fastest canonization in history, tongue found incorrupt
ID: 125
1232
ID: 173
Thomas de Cantimpré writes Life of Christina the Astonishing - eight years after her death, based on eyewitness testimonies
ID: 173
1234
ID: 5213
Louis IX assumes personal rule - begins just reign, establishes royal courts, becomes model Christian king
ID: 5213
1234
ID: 5529
Korea invents world's first metal movable type printing, 200 years before Gutenberg
ID: 5529
1235
ID: 129
St. Hedwig of Silesia walks barefoot in winter - Duke forces shoes on her, she carries them
ID: 129
1236
ID: 44
Cordoba falls to Ferdinand III - Great Mosque converted to cathedral
ID: 44
1236
ID: 2397
January 14, 1236
Henry III marries Eleanor of Provence - brings more foreign relatives to court, increasing baronial resentment
ID: 2397
1237
ID: 4740
Mongols invade Russia - Batu Khan destroys Ryazan, Kiev, begins Golden Horde domination
ID: 4740
1239
ID: 5214
Louis IX acquires Crown of Thorns - purchases Christ's crown from Latin Emperor, builds Sainte-Chapelle to house it
ID: 5214
1240s (18 events)
1240
ID: 3595
St. Clare repels Saracen attack on San Damiano - Carries Blessed Sacrament to wall, Saracens flee in terror - Voice from tabernacle: 'I will always protect you'
ID: 3595
1241
ID: 3757
Jutland Law codified - Valdemar II creates unified law code, used until 1683
ID: 3757
1241
ID: 4741
Battle of Legnica - Mongols defeat Polish-German army, collect nine sacks of ears
ID: 4741
1241
ID: 4742
Battle of Mohi - Mongols annihilate Hungarian army, use gunpowder weapons in Europe
ID: 4742
1241
ID: 4743
Death of Ogedei Khan saves Europe - Mongol armies withdraw for succession kurultai, never return in force
ID: 4743
1241
ID: 5215
Louis IX begins Sainte-Chapelle - Gothic masterpiece built as reliquary chapel, completed in 6 years
ID: 5215
1241
ID: 45
April 9, 1241
Battle of Legnica - Mongols defeat Polish and German knights, Europe saved only by Ogedei Khan's death
ID: 45
1241
ID: 5550
April 11, 1241
Mongols destroy Hungarian army at Battle of Mohi - half of Hungary's population killed in following year
ID: 5550
1242
ID: 2398
Battle of Taillebourg - Henry III's attempt to recover Poitou ends in humiliating defeat by Louis IX
ID: 2398
1242
ID: 5551
King Béla IV begins reconstruction after Mongol withdrawal, builds stone castles, invites settlers
ID: 5551
1243
ID: 5303
May 1243
Siege of Montségur begins - last major Cathar stronghold, 500 defenders hold mountaintop fortress for 10 months
ID: 5303
1244
ID: 5304
March 2, 1244
Montségur surrenders - after 10-month siege, terms allow defenders to leave if they recant
ID: 5304
1244
ID: 5305
March 16, 1244
Burning at Montségur - 225 Cathar perfecti refuse to recant, walk voluntarily into huge pyre at base of mountain
ID: 5305
1245
ID: 11
Aquinas begins studying under Albert the Great - called 'Dumb Ox' by fellow students
ID: 11
1248
ID: 46
Cologne Cathedral construction begins - Gothic architecture reaching toward heaven
ID: 46
1248
ID: 5216
Louis IX departs on Seventh Crusade - sails from Aigues-Mortes, well-organized expedition to Egypt
ID: 5216
1249
ID: 32
St. Louis IX receives Holy Face relic from Constantinople - builds Sainte-Chapelle
ID: 32
1249
ID: 174
Mysterious woman in white commands moving Christina's neglected body - vanishes like angel Raphael; bones moved to altar, healing miracles follow
ID: 174
1250s (28 events)
1250
ID: 47
Death of Frederick II - end of effective imperial power, German particularism begins
ID: 47
1250
ID: 2152
Accursius completes Glossa Ordinaria - standard gloss on entire Corpus Juris Civilis, contains 96,940 glosses, becomes authoritative as the text itself
ID: 2152
1250
ID: 5292
Troubadour legacy transforms Europe - concept of romantic love, women's elevation, individual emotion becomes permanent in Western culture
ID: 5292
1250
ID: 5762
Mamluk-Venetian monopoly formalized - Mamluks control Red Sea arrival, Venice gets exclusive European distribution rights
ID: 5762
1250
ID: 5217
April 1250
Louis IX captured at Mansourah - entire army destroyed, king ransomed for huge sum, stays in Holy Land 4 years
ID: 5217
1251
ID: 136
St. Simon Stock receives Brown Scapular from Virgin Mary - promise of salvation for those who die wearing it
ID: 136
1251
ID: 5527
Second Tripitaka Koreana completed - 81,258 woodblocks, no errors, survives today
ID: 5527
1252
ID: 12
Aquinas begins teaching at University of Paris, establishes principle: 'Grace does not destroy nature but perfects it'
ID: 12
1252
ID: 3596
St. Thomas Aquinas studies under Albert the Great - Albert's prophecy: 'You call him the dumb ox, but in his teaching he will one day produce such a bellowing that it will be heard throughout the world'
ID: 3596
1252
ID: 5218
November 27, 1252
Death of Blanche of Castile - great queen mother and regent dies, had ruled France during son's absence
ID: 5218
1253
ID: 142
St. Clare multiplies single loaf to feed 50 sisters - similar to Gospel miracle
ID: 142
1253
ID: 5497
Nichiren declares Lotus Sutra as supreme teaching, founds Nichiren Buddhism
ID: 5497
1253
ID: 35
August 11, 1253
St. Clare dies - 'Blessed be You, O God, for having created me'
ID: 35
1254
ID: 2399
Henry III accepts Sicilian crown for son Edmund - ruinous papal scheme costs 135,000 marks, triggers constitutional crisis
ID: 2399
1254
ID: 5219
Louis IX returns from Holy Land - begins great judicial and administrative reforms, creates Parlement of Paris
ID: 5219
1255
ID: 5306
Quéribus falls - last Cathar castle surrenders, organized Catharism effectively ended in Languedoc
ID: 5306
1256
ID: 2153
Henry de Bracton writes De Legibus et Consuetudinibus Angliae - comprehensive treatise attempting to systematize English common law using Roman law methods
ID: 2153
1256
ID: 3597
Dominican interpretation of Ecclesiasticus 24:23-31 - 'I will water my garden of plants' - After Aquinas: 'The garden was watered indeed when Brother Thomas came'
ID: 3597
1256
ID: 3598
St. Thomas Aquinas receives doctorate - His prayer: 'Give me, O Lord my God, a mind to know You, a heart to seek You, wisdom to find You'
ID: 3598
1257
ID: 4965
St. Bonaventure becomes Minister General of Franciscans at age 36 - heals division in the order
ID: 4965
1258
ID: 48
Mongols sack Baghdad - end of Islamic Golden Age, destruction of House of Wisdom
ID: 48
1258
ID: 2400
Provisions of Oxford - barons led by Simon de Montfort impose council of fifteen to control Henry III, birth of parliamentary government
ID: 2400
1258
ID: 4744
Mongols sack Baghdad - Hulagu Khan destroys House of Wisdom, kills 800,000, ends Islamic Golden Age
ID: 4744
1258
ID: 5243
Louis IX abolishes trial by ordeal - replaces with rational judicial procedures, witnesses and evidence
ID: 5243
1259
ID: 2401
Treaty of Paris - Henry III renounces claims to Normandy, Anjou, and Poitou but keeps Gascony as fief of France
ID: 2401
1259
ID: 4966
St. Bonaventure writes 'Journey of the Mind to God' - Franciscan mystical theology
ID: 4966
1259
ID: 5220
Treaty of Paris - Louis IX makes peace with Henry III, returns some lands but keeps Normandy, ends 100 years of conflict
ID: 5220
1259
ID: 5528
Goryeo becomes vassal state of Mongol Yuan Dynasty after decades of resistance
ID: 5528
1260s (20 events)
1260
ID: 13
Aquinas writes Summa Contra Gentiles - proving God's existence through reason alone
ID: 13
1260
ID: 121
St. Thomas Aquinas seen levitating during Mass at Dominican convent - witnessed by many brothers
ID: 121
1260
ID: 2154
Hostiensis develops theory of corporation - universitas as fictive person distinct from members, can own property, sue and be sued
ID: 2154
1260
ID: 4745
Battle of Ain Jalut - Mamluks defeat Mongols for first time, Mongol expansion finally stopped
ID: 4745
1260
ID: 5078
Niccolò and Maffeo Polo depart Venice - Marco's father and uncle begin first journey to East, reach Kublai Khan's court
ID: 5078
1260
ID: 5846
Kutná Hora silver discovered in Bohemia - becomes Europe's richest silver source, funds Bohemian kingdom's power
ID: 5846
1261
ID: 49
Byzantine Empire restored in Constantinople under Michael VIII Palaiologos
ID: 49
1261
ID: 4781
Michael VIII retakes Constantinople - Byzantine Empire restored but permanently weakened
ID: 4781
1263
ID: 123
St. Raymond of Penyafort at age 88 walks on his cloak across sea to Barcelona
ID: 123
1264
ID: 122
Miracle of Bolsena - Host bleeds on corporal, Urban IV institutes Feast of Corpus Christi
ID: 122
1264
ID: 2402
May 14, 1264
Battle of Lewes - Simon de Montfort defeats and captures Henry III and Prince Edward, becomes de facto ruler of England
ID: 2402
1265
ID: 50
Simon de Montfort summons first elected Parliament in England
ID: 50
1265
ID: 3599
St. Thomas writes Commentary on Aristotle's De Anima (1265-1268) - Establishes moderate realism - Universals exist in three ways: in God's mind, in things, in our minds
ID: 3599
1265
ID: 2403
January 20, 1265
First elected Parliament - Simon de Montfort summons knights and burgesses, foundation of House of Commons
ID: 2403
1265
ID: 2404
August 4, 1265
Battle of Evesham - Prince Edward defeats and kills Simon de Montfort, body mutilated, head sent to wife
ID: 2404
1266
ID: 14
Aquinas begins Summa Theologiae - synthesis of faith and reason
ID: 14
1266
ID: 2405
Dictum of Kenilworth - rebels can recover lands by paying fines, Edward shows mercy to end civil war
ID: 2405
1266
ID: 5079
Polo brothers meet Kublai Khan - Great Khan asks them to bring oil from Jerusalem and 100 learned Christians
ID: 5079
1267
ID: 89
Roger Bacon describes gunpowder formula in Opus Majus - 'thunder and lightning' can be made by man
ID: 89
1269
ID: 3600
St. Thomas at Paris, battling both Latin Averroists and Augustinians - 'Truth cannot contradict truth. The same God who reveals mysteries and infuses faith has bestowed the light of reason'
ID: 3600
1270s (26 events)
1270
ID: 2406
Edward joins Eighth Crusade - future Edward I seeks glory in Holy Land while father grows senile
ID: 2406
1270
ID: 3601
St. Bonaventure and St. Thomas both defending truth from different angles - Bonaventure: 'Christ is the medium or center of all sciences' - Both affirm reason reaches God
ID: 3601
1270
ID: 5223
Philip III the Bold becomes king - succeeds sainted father, weak king dominated by favorites
ID: 5223
1270
ID: 5221
July 1270
Louis IX departs on Eighth Crusade - ill-advised expedition to Tunis, hoping to convert Emir
ID: 5221
1270
ID: 5222
August 25, 1270
Death of Saint Louis at Tunis - dies of dysentery outside Tunis, Philip III succeeds, later canonized
ID: 5222
1271
ID: 51
Marco Polo departs for China - will return with tales of Kublai Khan
ID: 51
1271
ID: 2155
Statute of Mortmain - Edward I restricts transfer of land to religious corporations without royal license, addressing 'dead hand' problem
ID: 2155
1271
ID: 4716
Kublai Khan founds Yuan Dynasty - Mongols rule all China, Marco Polo visits
ID: 4716
1271
ID: 5080
Marco Polo departs Venice at age 17 - travels with father and uncle via Acre, carries papal letters for Kublai Khan
ID: 5080
1272
ID: 2407
November 16, 1272
Death of Henry III - longest reign yet (56 years), Edward I succeeds while on Crusade, no succession dispute
ID: 2407
1273
ID: 119
St. Margaret of Cortona has vision of her murdered lover - converts from life of sin, receives revelations
ID: 119
1273
ID: 3602
December 6: St. Thomas's mystical experience - After Mass, tells Reginald: 'All that I have written seems like straw compared to what has now been revealed to me'
ID: 3602
1273
ID: 15
December 6, 1273
Aquinas's mystical experience during Mass - stops writing mid-sentence in Summa, tells Reginald: 'All I have written seems like straw compared to what has now been revealed to me' - shows reason leads to mystery, not comprehension
ID: 15
1274
ID: 3603
St. Thomas dies (March 7) - 'I receive You, the price of my redemption, for Whose love I have watched, studied, and labored' - Monks report mysterious light and fragrance
ID: 3603
1274
ID: 4746
First Mongol invasion of Japan - kamikaze (divine wind) destroys invasion fleet
ID: 4746
1274
ID: 5049
Second Council of Lyons - temporary reunion under Pope Gregory X and Emperor Michael VIII Palaeologus
ID: 5049
1274
ID: 16
March 7, 1274
Death of Aquinas at Fossanova Abbey - 'I receive You, the price of my redemption'
ID: 16
1274
ID: 17
July 15, 1274
St. Bonaventure dies at same Council - representing completion of medieval synthesis
ID: 17
1274
ID: 4967
July 15, 1274
Death of St. Bonaventure at Council of Lyon - Doctor of the Church, unified theology and mysticism
ID: 4967
1274
ID: 2408
August 19, 1274
Edward I crowned after returning from Crusade - 'English Justinian' begins legal reforms and conquest of British Isles
ID: 2408
1275
ID: 2156
First Statute of Westminster - comprehensive legal reforms including protection of church property and regulation of wardship
ID: 2156
1275
ID: 5081
Marco Polo reaches Xanadu - presents papal letters to Kublai Khan, enters Mongol service, learns languages
ID: 5081
1276
ID: 90
First paper mill in Europe established at Fabriano, Italy - cheaper than parchment
ID: 90
1277
ID: 18
Bishop Tempier condemns 219 propositions at Paris, unintentionally destroying Thomistic synthesis
ID: 18
1277
ID: 2409
First Welsh War - Edward I invades Wales, Llywelyn ap Gruffydd submits, English law imposed
ID: 2409
1279
ID: 5974
December 9, 1279
Charles II of Anjou discovers relics of St. Mary Magdalene at Saint-Maximin - claims divine revelation, finds sarcophagus with inscription 'Here lies the body of the blessed Mary Magdalene'
ID: 5974
1280s (21 events)
1280
ID: 91
First mechanical clocks appear in English monasteries - regulating prayer times with gears not sundials
ID: 91
1280
ID: 5082
Marco Polo describes 'great serpents' in Yunnan - 10-pace long creatures with jaws to swallow a man, two legs near head with claws, likely crocodiles mistaken for dragons
ID: 5082
1280
ID: 5740
Marco Polo reports Java's pepper abundance - describes ships loading 6,000 baskets of pepper, Europeans dream of direct access
ID: 5740
1281
ID: 31
St. Gertrude the Great begins receiving visions at Helfta - Christ: 'In My Heart you shall find all treasures of wisdom and knowledge'
ID: 31
1281
ID: 3604
St. Gertrude the Great begins receiving visions at Helfta - Christ: 'In My Heart you shall find all treasures of wisdom and knowledge, for I am the Word of the Father'
ID: 3604
1281
ID: 4747
Second Mongol invasion of Japan - larger kamikaze destroys 4,400 ships, 100,000 troops
ID: 4747
1282
ID: 2410
Second Welsh War begins - Llywelyn killed, his brother Dafydd captured and executed as traitor
ID: 2410
1282
ID: 3758
First Danish charter - Christopher I forced to sign constitutional charter limiting royal power
ID: 3758
1282
ID: 5083
Marco Polo governs Yangzhou - claims 3-year governorship, becomes Kublai Khan's trusted administrator
ID: 5083
1282
ID: 52
March 30, 1282
Sicilian Vespers - massacre of French, Sicily passes to Aragon
ID: 52
1283
ID: 2157
Consulate of the Sea codified in Barcelona - maritime commercial law governing Mediterranean trade, includes partnership and insurance rules
ID: 2157
1283
ID: 2280
Statute of Acton Burnell - first English statute dealing with merchant debt, allowing imprisonment of defaulting debtors and seizure of goods
ID: 2280
1284
ID: 2411
Statute of Rhuddlan - Wales annexed to England, Edward's son born at Caernarfon presented as Prince of Wales
ID: 2411
1285
ID: 19
William of Ockham born - future proponent of nominalism
ID: 19
1285
ID: 2158
Statute De Donis Conditionalibus - creates fee tail estates in England, allowing control of family property across generations
ID: 2158
1285
ID: 2281
Statute of Merchants (Statute of Westminster II) - strengthens creditor remedies, introduces recognizance procedure for merchant debts
ID: 2281
1285
ID: 3605
William of Ockham born (1285-1347) - The Nominalist Revolution - 'Entities should not be multiplied without necessity' - Universals are just names, only individuals exist
ID: 3605
1285
ID: 5225
Philip IV the Fair crowned - most powerful medieval French king begins reign, will destroy Templars and defy Pope
ID: 5225
1285
ID: 5224
October 5, 1285
Death of Philip III - dies at Perpignan during retreat from failed Aragon crusade, Philip IV succeeds
ID: 5224
1286
ID: 92
First mention of eyeglasses in Pisa - 'It is not yet 20 years since the art of making spectacles was discovered'
ID: 92
1287
ID: 5084
Marco Polo travels to Burma and India - sent on diplomatic missions, observes customs, religions, and trade
ID: 5084
1290s (24 events)
1290
ID: 20
Ockham develops nominalist philosophy - 'Entities should not be multiplied without necessity'
ID: 20
1290
ID: 2159
Statute Quia Emptores - ends subinfeudation in England, all land held directly from crown or mesne lord, modernizing feudal tenure
ID: 2159
1290
ID: 3606
St. Gertrude: Receives vision of Sacred Heart as refuge - Christ: 'Come to Me, all you who labor...you shall find rest in the wound of My Heart' - 'In the Heart of My Divinity, I will hide you'
ID: 3606
1290
ID: 2412
July 18, 1290
Edict of Expulsion - Edward I expels all Jews from England, not allowed to return until 1656
ID: 2412
1290
ID: 2413
November 28, 1290
Death of Eleanor of Castile - Edward I erects twelve Eleanor Crosses marking funeral procession route to Westminster
ID: 2413
1291
ID: 5122
Glassmakers confined to Murano - all glass furnaces moved to island to prevent fires and preserve trade secrets
ID: 5122
1291
ID: 53
May 18, 1291
Fall of Acre - last Crusader stronghold lost, end of Crusader states
ID: 53
1292
ID: 5085
Polos depart China escorting Princess Kököchin - travel by sea to Persia, 600 in party, only 18 survive voyage
ID: 5085
1294
ID: 3607
St. Gertrude: Christ reveals prayer He wants taught - 'Eternal Father, I offer You the most precious blood of Your Divine Son' - Christ promises: 'I will release 1,000 souls from purgatory each time'
ID: 3607
1295
ID: 54
Model Parliament of Edward I - establishing representation by commons
ID: 54
1295
ID: 2414
Model Parliament - Edward I summons representatives from shires and boroughs, establishes parliamentary precedent
ID: 2414
1295
ID: 5086
Marco Polo returns to Venice after 24 years - family doesn't recognize them, they prove identity with jewels sewn in clothes
ID: 5086
1295
ID: 5975
Charles II begins construction of Basilica of St. Mary Magdalene at Saint-Maximin - becomes major pilgrimage site, houses claimed skull relic
ID: 5975
1296
ID: 120
Blessed Angela of Foligno experiences 'transformations of soul' - describes 30 spiritual steps
ID: 120
1296
ID: 2415
Edward I invades Scotland - deposes John Balliol, takes Stone of Scone to Westminster, earns name 'Hammer of the Scots'
ID: 2415
1296
ID: 5226
Philip IV taxes clergy - defies Pope Boniface VIII's prohibition, begins great Church-State conflict
ID: 5226
1297
ID: 2416
William Wallace's rebellion - defeats English at Stirling Bridge, Edward I forced to return from France
ID: 2416
1297
ID: 5111
Serrata of Great Council - membership restricted to hereditary nobles, Venice becomes closed oligarchic republic
ID: 5111
1297
ID: 5244
August 11, 1297
Louis IX canonized by Pope Boniface VIII - only French king to become saint, model of Christian kingship
ID: 5244
1298
ID: 5087
Marco Polo captured at Battle of Curzola - imprisoned in Genoa during Venice-Genoa war
ID: 5087
1298
ID: 5088
Marco Polo dictates travels to Rustichello - fellow prisoner writes 'Il Milione' (The Travels of Marco Polo) in French
ID: 5088
1298
ID: 5110
War of Curzola with Genoa - Venice defeated at sea, Marco Polo captured, long rivalry continues
ID: 5110
1299
ID: 93
Merchants of Florence adopt double-entry bookkeeping - capitalism gains its computational tool
ID: 93
1299
ID: 5089
Marco Polo released and returns to Venice - becomes wealthy merchant, marries, has three daughters
ID: 5089