1100s (20 events)
1100
ID: 2132
First recorded use of term 'universitas' for collective legal personality - Bologna students form universitas scholarium with legal rights as corporate body
ID: 2132
1100
ID: 5265
William IX of Aquitaine begins composing troubadour poetry - grandfather of Eleanor, creates first known vernacular love lyrics in Occitan
ID: 5265
1100
ID: 5286
Occitan becomes literary language - troubadour poetry makes langue d'oc the language of refined culture across southern Europe
ID: 5286
1100
ID: 5458
Cluniac order reaches peak with over 1,000 monasteries and 20,000 monks across Europe, all under direct authority of Abbot of Cluny
ID: 5458
1100
ID: 5759
Karimi merchants dominate Cairo spice trade - mysterious guild controls Red Sea-Mediterranean transshipment, immense wealth
ID: 5759
1100
ID: 5818
Henry I's Charter of Liberties addresses sheriff abuses - promises to end sheriffs' extortions but maintains their role in protecting royal revenues from baronial grants
ID: 5818
1100
ID: 176
August 2, 1100
William II Rufus killed by arrow while hunting - Henry I seizes English throne, some suspect assassination
ID: 176
1100
ID: 2595
August 2, 1100
Death of William Rufus in New Forest - shot by arrow while hunting, Walter Tirel flees, Henry seizes treasury
ID: 2595
1100
ID: 2596
August 5, 1100
Henry I crowned three days after Rufus dies - issues Charter of Liberties to win support, promises to end Rufus's abuses
ID: 2596
1100
ID: 2597
November 11, 1100
Henry I marries Matilda of Scotland - descendant of Anglo-Saxon kings, unites Norman and Saxon royal lines
ID: 2597
1101
ID: 2598
Treaty of Alton - Robert Curthose invades but makes peace, receives pension, renounces claim to England
ID: 2598
1101
ID: 5266
William IX returns from disastrous crusade - writes bawdy and satirical songs, invents 'fin'amor' (refined love) tradition
ID: 5266
1102
ID: 5548
King Coloman the Learned conquers Croatia, beginning 800-year personal union with Hungary
ID: 5548
1103
ID: 3751
Lund becomes archbishopric - Denmark gains ecclesiastical independence from Hamburg-Bremen
ID: 3751
1104
ID: 5104
Venetian Arsenal founded - state shipyard becomes Europe's first factory complex, can build a ship per day at peak
ID: 5104
1106
ID: 2599
September 28, 1106
Battle of Tinchebray - Henry defeats and captures brother Robert, Normandy and England reunited
ID: 2599
1108
ID: 5189
Abbot Suger becomes Louis VI's advisor - brilliant administrator from Saint-Denis begins transforming royal government
ID: 5189
1108
ID: 5188
July 29, 1108
Death of Philip I - dies at Melun, Louis VI the Fat becomes king, begins royal revival
ID: 5188
1109
ID: 179
Anselm of Canterbury completes 'Cur Deus Homo' - Why God Became Man, satisfaction theory of atonement
ID: 179
1109
ID: 5190
Louis VI begins pacifying Île-de-France - wars against robber barons like Hugh of Le Puiset, establishes royal authority
ID: 5190
1110s (9 events)
1110
ID: 5191
Louis VI grants charter to Laon commune - allies with towns against feudal lords, new source of royal support
ID: 5191
1110
ID: 5267
Troubadour culture flourishes in Aquitaine - William IX establishes courts of love, patronizes poets, creates new art form
ID: 5267
1110
ID: 5819
Exchequer system formalized - sheriffs must account twice yearly for all royal revenues from their shires, including from granted lands
ID: 5819
1115
ID: 180
Peter Abelard begins teaching Heloise - their tragic love affair will shake Paris, she becomes greatest woman scholar
ID: 180
1115
ID: 181
St. Bernard founds Clairvaux Abbey - will become most influential churchman in Europe
ID: 181
1115
ID: 4939
St. Bernard enters Cîteaux monastery with 30 companions - revitalizes Cistercian order
ID: 4939
1119
ID: 183
Knights Templar founded by nine knights - protect pilgrims, become international bankers
ID: 183
1119
ID: 2133
Bologna receives charter recognizing student universitas - students gain right to elect rectors, negotiate with city, and internal jurisdiction
ID: 2133
1119
ID: 5192
August 20, 1119
Battle of Brémule - Louis VI defeated by Henry I of England, narrow escape, legend of Montjoie war cry
ID: 5192
1120s (13 events)
1120
ID: 5293
Troubadour poetic forms established - canso (love song), sirventes (political), alba (dawn song), pastorela (pastoral), tenso (debate)
ID: 5293
1120
ID: 5457
Saint Hugh of Cluny canonized by Pope Calixtus II; credited with numerous miracles and making Cluny the most powerful monastery in Europe
ID: 5457
1120
ID: 2600
November 25, 1120
White Ship disaster - Henry's only legitimate son William drowns with 300 nobles, succession crisis begins
ID: 2600
1121
ID: 182
Council of Soissons condemns Abelard's work on Trinity - forced to burn his own book
ID: 182
1121
ID: 2601
Henry I remarries - marries Adeliza of Louvain hoping for male heir, but no children result
ID: 2601
1122
ID: 184
Concordat of Worms - ends Investiture Controversy, Pope gains spiritual authority, Emperor temporal
ID: 184
1122
ID: 2134
Concordat of Worms - separation of spiritual and temporal investiture, foundation for dual legal systems
ID: 2134
1125
ID: 185
Toledo translation movement accelerates - Arabic works of Aristotle, medicine, mathematics pour into Latin West
ID: 185
1125
ID: 5466
Saint Bernard of Clairvaux criticizes Cluny's wealth and elaborate liturgy in his 'Apologia', sparking debate between Cluniac and Cistercian reform ideals
ID: 5466
1127
ID: 2602
Henry names daughter Matilda as heir - barons swear oath to accept first female ruler of England
ID: 2602
1128
ID: 2603
Matilda marries Geoffrey Plantagenet - creates Angevin claim to English throne, barons unhappy with match
ID: 2603
1128
ID: 2370
June 17, 1128
Marriage of Geoffrey Plantagenet to Empress Matilda - union creates Angevin claim to English throne, planta genista (broom plant) badge gives dynasty its name
ID: 2370
1129
ID: 5258
Burning sickness (ergotism) epidemic ends - after Genevieve's relics carried in procession, 14,000 cured, annual feast established
ID: 5258
1130s (17 events)
1130
ID: 2135
Four Doctors emerge at Bologna - Bulgarus, Martinus, Jacobus, and Hugo become authoritative interpreters of Roman law
ID: 2135
1130
ID: 5263
Annual procession of St. Genevieve's shrine established - after ergotism miracle, yearly November 26 procession begins
ID: 5263
1130
ID: 5268
Marcabru becomes troubadour - 'dark style' poet criticizes courtly love as adultery, fierce moral stance
ID: 5268
1130
ID: 5294
Fin'amor concept developed - 'refined love' as spiritual improvement through desire, love as source of virtue and courtesy
ID: 5294
1130
ID: 5450
Cluny III completed - becomes the largest church building in Europe (187 meters long) until reconstruction of St. Peter's in Rome
ID: 5450
1133
ID: 2371
March 5, 1133
Birth of Henry II at Le Mans - future first Plantagenet king combines Norman, Angevin, and (through Eleanor) Aquitanian lands
ID: 2371
1133
ID: 2604
March 5, 1133
Birth of future Henry II - Matilda's son will eventually unite England and create Angevin Empire
ID: 2604
1134
ID: 187
Cathedral school of Notre-Dame Paris emerging as intellectual center - will become University of Paris
ID: 187
1135
ID: 186
Stephen seizes English throne - begins 'The Anarchy,' 19 years of civil war with Empress Matilda
ID: 186
1135
ID: 5193
Suger begins rebuilding Saint-Denis - creates first Gothic church, new architectural style spreads across Europe
ID: 5193
1135
ID: 2605
December 1, 1135
Death of Henry I - dies in Normandy from 'surfeit of lampreys', Stephen seizes throne while Matilda in Anjou
ID: 2605
1135
ID: 2606
December 22, 1135
Stephen of Blois crowned - Henry's nephew breaks oath to Matilda, seizes treasury and crown with Church support
ID: 2606
1137
ID: 5195
July 25, 1137
Louis VII marries Eleanor of Aquitaine - brings vast duchy to French crown, doubles royal domain
ID: 5195
1137
ID: 5194
August 1, 1137
Death of Louis VI the Fat - dies enormously obese but leaves strengthened monarchy to son Louis VII
ID: 5194
1139
ID: 147
St. Malachy's prophecy of the popes surfaces - predicts 112 popes until end times
ID: 147
1139
ID: 2607
The Anarchy begins - Matilda lands in England to claim throne, 19 years of civil war follow
ID: 2607
1139
ID: 5820
Sheriff system breaks down during Anarchy - local strongmen usurp sheriff offices, royal revenue collection collapses
ID: 5820
1140s (20 events)
1140
ID: 188
Abbot Suger begins rebuilding St. Denis - invents Gothic architecture, 'theology of light'
ID: 188
1140
ID: 217
Gratian completes Decretum - systematic compilation of canon law, basis for Catholic legal system
ID: 217
1140
ID: 2136
Gratian completes Concordia discordantium canonum (Decretum) at Bologna - systematic harmonization of 3,800 texts of canon law, becomes foundation of Church legal system
ID: 2136
1140
ID: 5055
Peter Abelard condemned at Sens - his trinitarian theology rejected, St. Bernard of Clairvaux opposes him
ID: 5055
1140
ID: 5288
Troubadours revolutionize concept of love - create idea of romantic love as ennobling force, individual choice over arranged marriage
ID: 5288
1140
ID: 5295
Troubadours develop 'joi' concept - complex emotion combining joy and suffering, ecstasy through unfulfilled desire
ID: 5295
1141
ID: 219
Hildegard of Bingen begins recording visions - 'The Living Light' speaks through her
ID: 219
1141
ID: 4982
St. Hildegard begins writing 'Scivias' - records her visions with papal approval
ID: 4982
1141
ID: 2608
February 2, 1141
Battle of Lincoln - Stephen captured, Matilda proclaimed 'Lady of the English' but never crowned
ID: 2608
1142
ID: 2609
December 1142
Matilda's escape from Oxford Castle - escapes Stephen's siege across frozen Thames wearing white as camouflage
ID: 2609
1144
ID: 198
First blood libel accusation in Norwich - Jews falsely accused of ritual murder, pattern spreads across Europe
ID: 198
1144
ID: 2610
Height of the Anarchy - Anglo-Saxon Chronicle says 'Christ and his saints slept', illegal castles everywhere
ID: 2610
1146
ID: 4940
St. Bernard preaches Second Crusade at request of Pope - reluctantly but obediently
ID: 4940
1147
ID: 189
Second Crusade launched by St. Bernard's preaching - will end in complete disaster
ID: 189
1147
ID: 222
Wendish Crusade begins - Germans crusade against Slavic pagans, forced conversions
ID: 222
1147
ID: 2611
Young Henry of Anjou visits England - 14-year-old future Henry II makes first attempt, Stephen chivalrously pays for his return
ID: 2611
1147
ID: 5196
Louis VII departs on Second Crusade - leaves France from Saint-Denis, Suger as regent, disastrous expedition
ID: 5196
1147
ID: 5269
Jaufre Rudel creates 'amor de lonh' (distant love) - falls in love with Countess of Tripoli without meeting her, dies in her arms on crusade
ID: 5269
1147
ID: 2612
October 31, 1147
Death of Robert of Gloucester - Matilda's half-brother and chief supporter dies, she returns to Normandy
ID: 2612
1149
ID: 2613
Henry of Anjou knighted by David of Scotland - builds alliance for future claim to English throne
ID: 2613
1150s (27 events)
1150
ID: 190
Gerard of Cremona translating in Toledo - will translate 87 works including Avicenna's Canon of Medicine
ID: 190
1150
ID: 220
Hildegard of Bingen writes medical texts - Physica and Causae et Curae, holistic healing
ID: 220
1150
ID: 2137
Vacarius brings Roman law to Oxford - begins teaching from his Liber Pauperum, introducing Continental legal science to England
ID: 2137
1150
ID: 4983
St. Hildegard founds monastery at Bingen - becomes renowned for medicine, music, and mysticism
ID: 4983
1150
ID: 5270
Bernart de Ventadorn at Eleanor's court - greatest troubadour lyricist, perfects canso form, possibly Eleanor's lover
ID: 5270
1150
ID: 5287
Troubadour melodies preserved - about 250 melodies survive with notation, complex musical forms accompany poetry
ID: 5287
1150
ID: 5296
Mezura becomes troubadour ideal - moderation, self-control, proper courtesy essential to refined lover
ID: 5296
1150
ID: 5760
Venetian funduq established in Cairo - permanent trading post and warehouse, Venice gets privileged access to spices
ID: 5760
1151
ID: 221
Hildegard composes 'Ordo Virtutum' - first known morality play, cosmic battle for soul
ID: 221
1151
ID: 5197
January 13, 1151
Death of Abbot Suger - 'Father of the Country' dies, Louis VII loses greatest advisor
ID: 5197
1152
ID: 191
Eleanor of Aquitaine divorces Louis VII of France, marries Henry II of England - shifts balance of power
ID: 191
1152
ID: 5271
Eleanor of Aquitaine patronizes troubadours - after marrying Henry II, spreads Occitan culture to England and northern France
ID: 5271
1152
ID: 5198
March 21, 1152
Annulment of Louis VII and Eleanor - Church grants annulment for consanguinity, Eleanor immediately marries Henry II, France loses Aquitaine
ID: 5198
1153
ID: 2372
Treaty of Wallingford - Stephen recognizes Henry as heir, ending the Anarchy after 19 years of civil war
ID: 2372
1153
ID: 2614
August 17, 1153
Death of Stephen's son Eustace - chokes to death (divine judgment?), Stephen loses will to fight
ID: 2614
1153
ID: 4941
August 20, 1153
Death of St. Bernard of Clairvaux - Doctor of the Church, wrote on love of God and devotion to Mary
ID: 4941
1153
ID: 2615
November 1153
Treaty of Wallingford - Stephen remains king but Henry recognized as heir, ending the Anarchy
ID: 2615
1154
ID: 5821
Henry II restores sheriff system - removes baronial sheriffs, appoints royal clerks, reasserts crown's right to revenues from all lands
ID: 5821
1154
ID: 2616
October 25, 1154
Death of King Stephen - dies at Dover, Henry peacefully succeeds, Anarchy ends after 19 years
ID: 2616
1154
ID: 2373
December 19, 1154
Henry II crowned King of England - Plantagenet dynasty begins, controls England and half of France through Angevin Empire
ID: 2373
1155
ID: 192
Frederick Barbarossa crowned Holy Roman Emperor - begins struggle with Italian cities and Pope
ID: 192
1155
ID: 2138
Authentica Habita - Frederick Barbarossa grants special legal privileges to scholars traveling to study, creating protected status for university members
ID: 2138
1155
ID: 5056
Arnold of Brescia executed - political reformer who attacked Church property burned at stake in Rome
ID: 5056
1156
ID: 5451
Peter the Venerable dies; as ninth abbot of Cluny he commissioned first Latin translation of the Quran and defended monastery against Cistercian criticism
ID: 5451
1157
ID: 3752
Valdemar I the Great becomes sole king - ends civil war period, begins Danish golden age
ID: 3752
1158
ID: 2139
Diet of Roncaglia - Frederick Barbarossa consults Four Doctors on imperial rights (regalia), Roman law becomes tool of royal power
ID: 2139
1159
ID: 193
Papal schism begins - Alexander III vs Victor IV, Frederick Barbarossa supports antipope
ID: 193
1160s (16 events)
1160
ID: 218
Léonin at Notre Dame develops polyphony - multiple independent melodies, revolution in Western music
ID: 218
1160
ID: 2140
Lombard city-states develop podestà system - hiring foreign legal professionals as neutral magistrates, creating market for trained lawyers
ID: 2140
1160
ID: 5272
Countess of Die composes cansos - most famous trobairitz (female troubadour), writes passionate love songs from woman's perspective
ID: 5272
1162
ID: 2374
Thomas Becket appointed Archbishop of Canterbury - Henry II's chancellor becomes his greatest opponent over Church liberties
ID: 2374
1162
ID: 4195
Dragon falls from sky in China - black dragon falls during thunderstorm in Henan province, official measurement recorded (Song Dynasty records)
ID: 4195
1162
ID: 5121
Venice Carnival begins - victory celebration over Patriarch of Aquileia becomes annual festival, masks allow social mixing
ID: 5121
1164
ID: 2375
Constitutions of Clarendon - Henry II attempts to subordinate Church courts to royal justice, Becket resists
ID: 2375
1165
ID: 5273
Chrétien de Troyes writes first Arthurian romances - transforms troubadour ideals into narrative, creates Lancelot and Grail stories
ID: 5273
1165
ID: 5199
August 21, 1165
Birth of Philip Augustus - 'God-given' heir born after Louis VII's three marriages, future great king
ID: 5199
1166
ID: 2141
Assize of Clarendon - Henry II establishes royal criminal law procedures, jury of presentment, foundation of common law criminal justice
ID: 2141
1167
ID: 197
Cathar council at Saint-Félix-Lauragais - dualist heresy organizes bishoprics across southern France
ID: 197
1167
ID: 3753
Bishop Absalon founds Copenhagen - builds castle on small island, future capital of Denmark
ID: 3753
1168
ID: 5844
Freiberg silver discovered in Saxony - 'First silver rush', town founded, becomes Europe's largest silver source
ID: 5844
1169
ID: 196
Normans invade Ireland - begin 800 years of English involvement
ID: 196
1169
ID: 2376
Strongbow invades Ireland - beginning of English involvement in Ireland that will last 800 years
ID: 2376
1169
ID: 3754
Denmark conquers Rügen - Valdemar I and Absalon destroy pagan temple at Arkona, expand Danish power
ID: 3754
1170s (23 events)
1170
ID: 2142
Constitutions of Clarendon codified - defining boundaries between ecclesiastical and royal jurisdiction in England
ID: 2142
1170
ID: 5274
Courts of Love at Poitiers - Eleanor and daughter Marie de Champagne preside, codify rules of courtly love, judge love disputes
ID: 5274
1170
ID: 5289
Troubadour influence creates Minnesinger tradition - German courts adapt courtly love poetry, Walther von der Vogelweide emerges
ID: 5289
1170
ID: 5761
Saladin courts Venetian traders - despite Crusades, allows Venice to trade in Alexandria and Cairo for naval support
ID: 5761
1170
ID: 5822
Inquest of Sheriffs - Henry II investigates and dismisses corrupt sheriffs, replaces with professional administrators loyal only to crown
ID: 5822
1170
ID: 5848
First European 'price revolution' - massive silver influx from German mines causes widespread inflation, social upheaval
ID: 5848
1170
ID: 194
December 29, 1170
Thomas Becket murdered in Canterbury Cathedral - 'Will no one rid me of this turbulent priest?'
ID: 194
1171
ID: 195
Miracles at Becket's tomb begin immediately - Canterbury becomes greatest pilgrimage site in England
ID: 195
1173
ID: 211
Peter Waldo begins preaching apostolic poverty in Lyon - Waldensian movement spreads despite persecution
ID: 211
1173
ID: 2377
Great Revolt begins - Henry II's sons rebel with support from Eleanor, Louis VII of France, and William the Lion of Scotland
ID: 2377
1173
ID: 5277
Death of Raimbaut d'Aurenga - innovative troubadour who pushed boundaries of form, combined trobar clus and trobar leu styles
ID: 5277
1174
ID: 199
Saladin unites Egypt and Syria - begins systematic reconquest of Crusader states
ID: 199
1174
ID: 2378
Henry II does penance at Becket's tomb - walks barefoot through Canterbury, scourged by monks, revolt collapses immediately after
ID: 2378
1175
ID: 215
Robert Grosseteste born - will develop light metaphysics, experimental method
ID: 215
1175
ID: 224
Three-field system spreading across Europe - increases agricultural productivity by 50%
ID: 224
1175
ID: 5275
Bertran de Born stirs rebellion - warrior-troubadour's songs encourage Young King Henry against father, master of sirventes (political songs)
ID: 5275
1175
ID: 5495
Honen founds Jodo (Pure Land) Buddhism in Japan, emphasizing salvation through faith
ID: 5495
1176
ID: 214
Battle of Legnano - Lombard League defeats Barbarossa, Italian cities win independence
ID: 214
1176
ID: 4778
Battle of Myriokephalon - Manuel I's army destroyed, last attempt to recover Anatolia fails
ID: 4778
1179
ID: 216
Snorri Sturluson born - will preserve Norse mythology in Prose Edda before Christianity erases it
ID: 216
1179
ID: 2143
Third Lateran Council requires cathedral schools - legal education spreads beyond Bologna as Church mandates schools at every cathedral
ID: 2143
1179
ID: 4984
September 17, 1179
Death of St. Hildegard of Bingen - Doctor of the Church, left writings on theology, medicine, and music
ID: 4984
1179
ID: 5200
November 1, 1179
Philip Augustus crowned co-king - Louis VII paralyzed by stroke, ensures succession at Reims
ID: 5200
1180s (25 events)
1180
ID: 208
Chrétien de Troyes writes Arthurian romances - creates Lancelot, Holy Grail quest tradition
ID: 208
1180
ID: 210
Philip Augustus becomes King of France at 15 - will triple royal domain, create modern French state
ID: 210
1180
ID: 2144
Ranulf de Glanvill writes 'Tractatus de legibus' - first systematic treatise on English common law procedures and writs
ID: 2144
1180
ID: 5276
Arnaut Daniel perfects 'trobar clus' - hermetic style of difficult, complex poetry, later praised by Dante as 'il miglior fabbro'
ID: 5276
1180
ID: 5493
Genpei War begins between Minamoto and Taira clans, establishing samurai as dominant military class
ID: 5493
1180
ID: 5845
Mining innovations at Freiberg - water-wheel drainage systems enable deeper mining, output surpasses Rammelsberg
ID: 5845
1180
ID: 5201
September 18, 1180
Death of Louis VII - Philip Augustus becomes sole king at 15, begins transformation of France
ID: 5201
1182
ID: 151
St. Christina the Astonishing dies during Mass, resurrects at her funeral, flies to church rafters - repelled by odor of sin on human bodies
ID: 151
1182
ID: 152
Christina describes journey after death - shown purgatory, hell, heaven; Christ offers choice: stay in heaven or return to suffer for souls in purgatory
ID: 152
1182
ID: 4779
Massacre of the Latins - Constantinople mob kills thousands of Western merchants, deepens East-West hatred
ID: 4779
1183
ID: 153
Christina flees to wilderness, lives in trees like bird - miraculously lactates from virgin breasts to survive nine weeks without food
ID: 153
1183
ID: 2379
June 11, 1183
Death of Young King Henry - Henry II's eldest son dies in rebellion, Richard becomes heir
ID: 2379
1184
ID: 5057
Waldensians condemned at Verona - Pope Lucius III condemns Poor Men of Lyons and other groups
ID: 5057
1184
ID: 5278
Andreas Capellanus writes 'De Amore' - codifies rules of courtly love from troubadour tradition, creates 31 rules of love
ID: 5278
1185
ID: 154
Christina walks through deep Meuse River unharmed after receiving Communion - priests watch her emerge dry on opposite bank
ID: 154
1185
ID: 207
First recorded windmill in Yorkshire - wind power spreads across Europe for grain milling
ID: 207
1186
ID: 155
Christina enters bread ovens while baking, screams in agony but emerges unburned - suffering purgatorial pains for souls
ID: 155
1187
ID: 156
Christina remains underwater in frozen Meuse for six days - priest commands her return in Christ's name
ID: 156
1187
ID: 200
July 4, 1187
Battle of Hattin - Saladin destroys Crusader army, captures True Cross, Jerusalem falls within months
ID: 200
1187
ID: 164
October 2, 1187
Christina rejoices wildly knowing Jerusalem falls to Saladin - says Christ celebrates souls to be saved through reconquest attempts
ID: 164
1188
ID: 157
Christina hangs herself on gallows with thieves for days, bends limbs on torture wheels - body unharmed despite torments
ID: 157
1189
ID: 158
Christina pursued by dogs through thorns until body drenched in blood - washing reveals no wounds, blood miraculously replenished
ID: 158
1189
ID: 202
Third Crusade begins - Richard Lionheart, Philip Augustus, Frederick Barbarossa respond to Jerusalem's fall
ID: 202
1189
ID: 2380
July 6, 1189
Death of Henry II at Chinon - dies defeated by Richard and Philip Augustus, reportedly last words: 'Shame, shame on a conquered king'
ID: 2380
1189
ID: 2381
September 3, 1189
Richard I crowned at Westminster - Lionheart becomes king, immediately begins planning Third Crusade
ID: 2381
1190s (28 events)
1190
ID: 88
Magnetic compass reaches Europe from China via Arab traders - revolutionizing navigation
ID: 88
1190
ID: 159
Christina curls into ball like warm wax during prayer, body becomes unrecognizable sphere - springs back to shape after ecstasy
ID: 159
1190
ID: 201
Maimonides completes 'Guide for the Perplexed' - reconciling Aristotle with Judaism
ID: 201
1190
ID: 223
Teutonic Knights founded in Acre - will conquer and Christianize Baltic region
ID: 223
1190
ID: 2145
Tancred of Bologna writes Ordo iudiciarius - standard procedural manual for ecclesiastical courts, spreads Romano-canonical procedure across Europe
ID: 2145
1190
ID: 2382
Richard I sells offices and lands - 'I would sell London if I could find a buyer' to fund Crusade
ID: 2382
1190
ID: 5202
Philip Augustus builds walls around Paris - massive fortifications including Louvre fortress, Paris becomes true capital
ID: 5202
1190
ID: 5203
Philip Augustus departs on Third Crusade with Richard Lionheart - leaves regency to mother and uncle, returns early
ID: 5203
1190
ID: 5241
Philip Augustus creates baillis - royal officials to administer justice and collect taxes, foundation of centralized state
ID: 5241
1190
ID: 5279
Richard Lionheart as troubadour - English king composes songs in Occitan and French, legend of troubadour Blondel finding him
ID: 5279
1190
ID: 204
March 16, 1190
York Castle massacre - 150 Jews commit suicide rather than forced conversion, worst medieval English pogrom
ID: 204
1190
ID: 203
June 10, 1190
Frederick Barbarossa drowns crossing river in Armenia - German crusade collapses
ID: 203
1191
ID: 206
Eisai introduces Zen Buddhism to Japan from China - transforms Japanese culture
ID: 206
1191
ID: 205
September 7, 1191
Battle of Arsuf - Richard Lionheart defeats Saladin, but cannot retake Jerusalem
ID: 205
1192
ID: 160
Christina's virgin breasts flow with clear oil when imprisoned - uses it to season bread and heal festering wounds from chains
ID: 160
1192
ID: 212
Assassins (Nizari Ismailis) murder Conrad of Montferrat - political assassination as religious tool
ID: 212
1192
ID: 5494
Minamoto Yoritomo becomes first shogun, establishing Kamakura shogunate and military government
ID: 5494
1192
ID: 2383
December 1192
Richard I captured returning from Crusade - held by Duke Leopold of Austria, then Emperor Henry VI
ID: 2383
1194
ID: 213
Richard Lionheart ransomed for 150,000 marks - twice England's annual revenue
ID: 213
1194
ID: 2385
Richard builds Château Gaillard - 'Saucy Castle' on Seine to defend Normandy, engineering masterpiece completed in two years
ID: 2385
1194
ID: 5242
Royal archives established - Philip Augustus creates permanent record-keeping after losing documents at Fréteval
ID: 5242
1194
ID: 2384
February 4, 1194
Richard I ransomed for 150,000 marks - twice England's annual revenue, Eleanor organizes collection
ID: 2384
1195
ID: 161
Christina plunges into baptismal font at Wellen - thereafter can better tolerate human odors and live among people
ID: 161
1195
ID: 5280
Peire Vidal's mad adventures - eccentric troubadour dresses in wolf skin for lady named Louve (she-wolf), nearly killed by dogs
ID: 5280
1195
ID: 4968
August 15, 1195
Birth of St. Anthony of Padua in Lisbon - future Doctor of the Church and 'Evangelical Doctor'
ID: 4968
1198
ID: 209
Death of Averroes (Ibn Rushd) - last great Muslim Aristotelian philosopher, influences Aquinas
ID: 209
1199
ID: 2386
April 6, 1199
Death of Richard I at Chalus - shot by crossbow while besieging minor castle over rumored treasure, forgives killer on deathbed
ID: 2386
1199
ID: 2387
May 27, 1199
John crowned King of England - youngest son of Henry II takes throne over nephew Arthur of Brittany
ID: 2387