1500s (7 events)
1500
ID: 2183
Mos gallicus emerges - French humanist legal scholars reject medieval glosses, return to original Roman texts using philology
ID: 2183
1500
ID: 4978
January 6, 1500
Birth of St. John of Ávila in Spain - future Doctor of the Church and 'Apostle of Andalusia'
ID: 4978
1501
ID: 5143
Michelangelo begins carving David from rejected marble block - commissioned by Florence as symbol of republic
ID: 5143
1502
ID: 2184
First permanent court of appeal (Parlement) outside Paris established at Rouen - creating hierarchical court system
ID: 2184
1504
ID: 5768
Venice proposes Suez canal to Ottomans - desperate attempt to compete with Portuguese Cape route, Ottomans refuse
ID: 5768
1504
ID: 5144
September 8, 1504
Michelangelo's David unveiled in Piazza della Signoria - symbol of Florentine liberty against tyranny
ID: 5144
1509
ID: 5470
Paracelsus begins studies at University of Basel at age 16, later claiming to have received doctorate in medicine
ID: 5470
1510s (15 events)
1510
ID: 3524
St. Catherine of Genoa dies - 'Jesus! Jesus!' - Had prophesied exact time of death - Body remains incorrupt
ID: 3524
1511
ID: 5746
Portugal captures Malacca - controls strategic strait, dominates Asian spice trade for century
ID: 5746
1512
ID: 5145
Medici return to Florence with Spanish army - republic overthrown, Machiavelli exiled
ID: 5145
1513
ID: 5147
Machiavelli writes The Prince in exile - dedicates to Lorenzo de' Medici (Duke of Urbino), hopes for return
ID: 5147
1513
ID: 5146
March 11, 1513
Giovanni de' Medici becomes Pope Leo X - first Medici pope, patron of arts, sells indulgences
ID: 5146
1515
ID: 3525
St. Thomas More writing Utopia - attempting to show reason can grasp natural law - Two years before Luther - defending Aquinas's synthesis - 'The times are never so bad but that a good man can live in them'
ID: 3525
1515
ID: 4945
March 28, 1515
Birth of St. Teresa of Ávila in Spain - future Doctor of the Church and reformer of Carmelites
ID: 4945
1516
ID: 2185
Concordat of Bologna - French king gains right to appoint bishops, controlling vast church property as state resource
ID: 2185
1516
ID: 5471
Paracelsus receives doctorate in medicine from University of Ferrara; begins travels as military surgeon
ID: 5471
1517
ID: 3527
St. Thomas More (age 39) already defending Catholic truth in England - Writes to Erasmus: 'As things are, the world is full of frenzy, and it seems to grow worse from day to day'
ID: 3527
1517
ID: 5767
Ottomans conquer Egypt - take over Mamluk spice monopoly, but Portuguese Cape route already destroying traditional trade
ID: 5767
1517
ID: 3526
October 31, 1517
Luther posts 95 Theses - nominalism bears its poisonous fruit - Luther trained in Ockhamist philosophy: 'Reason is the Devil's whore' - Faith alone - complete voluntarism - Destroys reason-faith synthesis permanently
ID: 3526
1519
ID: 4205
Worms Chronicle records dragon - city records describe dragon seen near Rhine, multiple witness testimonies
ID: 4205
1519
ID: 5667
Cortés encounters tomatoes at Aztec markets - Spanish conquistadors first taste tomatoes in Tenochtitlan
ID: 5667
1519
ID: 5689
Cortés served chocolate by Montezuma - Aztec emperor reportedly drinks 50 cups of xocolatl daily from golden goblets
ID: 5689
1520s (24 events)
1520
ID: 5148
Michelangelo designs Medici Chapel and tombs - New Sacristy at San Lorenzo with allegorical sculptures
ID: 5148
1520
ID: 5480
Paracelsus develops doctrine of signatures - belief that herbs resembling body parts can treat ailments of those parts
ID: 5480
1521
ID: 3528
Diet of Worms: Luther declares 'Here I stand'
ID: 3528
1521
ID: 5622
March 16, 1521
Ferdinand Magellan arrives in the Philippines, landing at Homonhon Island and later at Cebu - first documented European contact with the Philippines
ID: 5622
1521
ID: 5623
April 27, 1521
Ferdinand Magellan killed in the Battle of Mactan by Lapu-Lapu's warriors, who resisted Spanish colonization
ID: 5623
1521
ID: 4975
May 8, 1521
Birth of St. Peter Canisius in Nijmegen - future Doctor of the Church and 'Second Apostle of Germany'
ID: 4975
1521
ID: 3529
May 20, 1521
St. Ignatius of Loyola wounded at Pamplona - Cannonball shatters leg - begins conversion reading lives of saints - 'What if I should do what St. Francis did, what St. Dominic did?'
ID: 3529
1522
ID: 3530
St. Ignatius at Manresa - receives illumination at River Cardoner - 'The eyes of his understanding began to open' - Begins writing Spiritual Exercises
ID: 3530
1522
ID: 5747
Magellan expedition's cloves pay for entire voyage - 26 tons of cloves from one surviving ship covers all costs plus profit
ID: 5747
1523
ID: 3763
Sweden leaves Kalmar Union - Gustav Vasa elected king, Denmark loses control of Sweden
ID: 3763
1523
ID: 5149
November 19, 1523
Giulio de' Medici becomes Pope Clement VII - second Medici pope, will face Sack of Rome and English Reformation
ID: 5149
1524
ID: 3531
St. Cajetan founds Theatines - first Counter-Reformation order - 'We must rebuild the Church through holy priests' - Establishes perpetual adoration to counter Protestant denial of Real Presence
ID: 3531
1524
ID: 5472
Paracelsus returns to Salzburg but is forced to flee due to involvement in Peasants' War uprising
ID: 5472
1525
ID: 3532
St. Thomas More writes against Luther - 'Luther has become intoxicated by his own novel ideas' - More identifies core problem: nominalism destroying objective truth
ID: 3532
1526
ID: 4979
St. John of Ávila ordained priest - begins evangelizing Andalusia, advisor to Teresa of Ávila and John of God
ID: 4979
1526
ID: 5482
Paracelsus proposes that miners' lung disease (silicosis) is caused by inhaling metal vapors, not punishment from mountain spirits
ID: 5482
1526
ID: 5557
August 29, 1526
Battle of Mohács - Ottomans annihilate Hungarian army, King Louis II drowns fleeing, kingdom partitioned
ID: 5557
1527
ID: 5151
Florence expels Medici again during Sack of Rome - last Florentine Republic established
ID: 5151
1527
ID: 5473
Paracelsus appointed town physician and professor of medicine at University of Basel; publicly burns works of Galen and Avicenna
ID: 5473
1527
ID: 5479
Paracelsus introduces use of chemical remedies including mercury, sulfur, iron and arsenic in medicine, revolutionizing pharmacology
ID: 5479
1527
ID: 5150
May 6, 1527
Sack of Rome by Imperial troops - Pope Clement VII (Medici) besieged in Castel Sant'Angelo
ID: 5150
1528
ID: 3533
Miraculous Image of Our Lady of Guadalupe (Extremadura, Spain) discovered - Hidden during Moorish occupation - Becomes center of Spanish devotion
ID: 3533
1528
ID: 5474
Paracelsus flees Basel after losing lawsuit against magistrate; begins wandering life through German-speaking lands
ID: 5474
1528
ID: 5690
Cortés brings chocolate to Spain - Spanish add sugar, keep preparation secret for nearly a century
ID: 5690
1530s (25 events)
1530
ID: 2186
Reception of Roman law accelerated in Germany - imperial courts require Roman law training, displacing local customs
ID: 2186
1530
ID: 5152
Siege of Florence ends - Charles V restores Medici, republic falls after 10-month siege
ID: 5152
1530
ID: 5475
Paracelsus writes 'Paragranum' in Strasbourg, outlining his medical philosophy based on four pillars: philosophy, astronomy, alchemy, and virtue
ID: 5475
1530
ID: 5481
Paracelsus coins term 'zinc' (Zink) and describes properties of the metal, contributing to metallurgy
ID: 5481
1531
ID: 2187
Statute of Uses preparation begins - Henry VIII seeks to reclaim feudal revenues lost to trust device
ID: 2187
1531
ID: 2290
Antwerp develops bankruptcy certificate system - discharged debtors receive certificate allowing return to trade
ID: 2290
1531
ID: 3534
December 1531
Our Lady of Guadalupe appears to St. Juan Diego (December 9-12) - 'Am I not here, I who am your Mother?' - Image miraculously imprinted on tilma - converts 9 million Aztecs in 7 years
ID: 3534
1532
ID: 3535
Fire at Sainte-Chapelle, Chambéry - Shroud survives - Silver reliquary melts, burns through folded cloth - Poor Clare nuns repair with patches
ID: 3535
1532
ID: 3536
St. Ignatius includes Holy Face meditation in Spiritual Exercises - 'See in imagination Christ our Lord present before you upon the cross'
ID: 3536
1532
ID: 5153
Alessandro de' Medici becomes first Duke of Florence - hereditary rule established, end of republic
ID: 5153
1533
ID: 5156
Catherine de' Medici marries future Henry II of France - will become Queen, mother of three French kings
ID: 5156
1534
ID: 3537
St. Angela Merici founds Ursulines - first teaching order of women - 'Disorder in society is the result of disorder in the family'
ID: 3537
1534
ID: 3539
Beginning of English Reformation creates philosophical crisis - Henry VIII's break with Rome shatters unified Christian worldview - Sets stage for individual reason as new authority
ID: 3539
1534
ID: 3538
August 15, 1534
Ignatius Loyola and six companions take vows at Montmartre - In underground chapel, vow poverty, chastity, and pilgrimage to Jerusalem - Beginning of Society of Jesus
ID: 3538
1535
ID: 2188
Statute of Uses enacted - attempts to execute uses and restore feudal incidents, but creates unintended consequences leading to modern trust
ID: 2188
1535
ID: 5639
Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés mentions skunks in his 'Natural History of the West Indies'
ID: 5639
1536
ID: 2291
Spain establishes quiebra (bankruptcy) procedures - automatic stay on creditor actions, elected syndics manage estate
ID: 2291
1536
ID: 3540
St. John of God born - future founder of Brothers Hospitallers - Will show charity transcends Protestant faith-alone theology
ID: 3540
1536
ID: 3764
Danish Reformation - Christian III makes Denmark Lutheran after civil war, confiscates Church property
ID: 3764
1536
ID: 5476
Paracelsus publishes 'Die grosse Wundartzney' (The Great Surgery Book) in Augsburg, his first major success bringing him fame
ID: 5476
1537
ID: 3541
Pope Paul III confirms Jesuits informally - Ignatius's vision at La Storta: God the Father speaks: 'I will be favorable to you in Rome' - Christ appears: 'I want you to serve Me'
ID: 3541
1537
ID: 5155
Cosimo I de' Medici becomes Duke - from junior branch, will become Grand Duke of Tuscany
ID: 5155
1537
ID: 5483
Paracelsus writes treatise on syphilis, recommending mercury treatment and rejecting prevailing guaiac wood remedy
ID: 5483
1537
ID: 5154
January 6, 1537
Alessandro de' Medici assassinated by cousin Lorenzino - called 'the Tyrant', last of main Medici line
ID: 5154
1538
ID: 5477
Paracelsus returns to Salzburg under protection of Archbishop Ernst of Bavaria, continues medical practice and writing
ID: 5477
1540s (24 events)
1540
ID: 2189
Statute of Wills - allows devise of land by will, compensating landowners for Statute of Uses
ID: 2189
1540
ID: 5668
First tomatoes arrive in Spain - initially grown as ornamental curiosity, feared poisonous due to nightshade family
ID: 5668
1540
ID: 5715
Portuguese introduce chili peppers to Indonesia - becomes 'cabai', integrates with existing spice culture
ID: 5715
1540
ID: 3542
September 27, 1540
Pope Paul III approves Society of Jesus with Bull 'Regimini Militantis' - Unique fourth vow of special obedience to Pope - Ignatius elected first Superior General - 'Go and set the world on fire'
ID: 3542
1541
ID: 3543
St. Francis Xavier arrives in Goa - begins Asian missions - Vision of Christ: 'Francis, how much did I suffer for men!' - Will baptize over 100,000 personally
ID: 3543
1541
ID: 5558
Buda falls to Ottomans - Hungary divided into Ottoman Hungary, Royal Hungary (Habsburg), and Principality of Transylvania
ID: 5558
1541
ID: 5478
September 24, 1541
Paracelsus dies in Salzburg at age 47 under mysterious circumstances; some suspect poisoning by enemies
ID: 5478
1542
ID: 2292
First English bankruptcy statute under Henry VIII - only applies to traders, allows commissioners to seize and sell assets, no discharge
ID: 2292
1542
ID: 3544
St. Francis Xavier: Miraculous gift of tongues manifests - Speaks only Spanish/Portuguese but Japanese, Malays, Indians understand perfectly - Raises several from dead
ID: 3544
1542
ID: 4971
June 24, 1542
Birth of St. John of the Cross at Fontiveros - future Doctor of the Church and mystical poet
ID: 4971
1542
ID: 4956
October 4, 1542
Birth of St. Robert Bellarmine in Tuscany - future Doctor of the Church and defender of the faith
ID: 4956
1543
ID: 3545
Copernicus's 'De Revolutionibus' published - 'Mathematics is written for mathematicians' - Earth displaced from center - Luther calls Copernicus 'fool who wishes to reverse the entire science of astronomy'
ID: 3545
1543
ID: 5499
Portuguese arrive at Tanegashima, introducing firearms (matchlock guns) to Japan
ID: 5499
1543
ID: 5710
Portuguese bring tobacco to Japan along with firearms - arrives at Nagasaki, spreads rapidly despite later restrictions
ID: 5710
1544
ID: 3546
St. Philip Neri - Mystical experience in San Sebastiano catacombs - Globe of fire enters mouth, lodges in chest - Christ: 'I have chosen you to be the apostle of My love in Rome' - Physical exam reveals enlarged heart
ID: 3546
1544
ID: 5669
Pietro Andrea Mattioli names tomato 'pomi d'oro' (golden apple) - first European description, notes similarity to nightshade
ID: 5669
1545
ID: 2190
Council of Trent begins reform of canon law - responding to Protestant challenge, clarifying marriage law and ecclesiastical jurisdiction
ID: 2190
1545
ID: 3547
Council of Trent begins (1545-1563) - dogmatic response to Protestant errors - St. Charles Borromeo will implement reforms - St. Peter Canisius attends as theologian
ID: 3547
1546
ID: 3548
Luther dies cursing - 'Pestis eram vivus, moriens tua mors ero, Papa' (Living, I was your plague, O Pope; dying, I shall be your death)
ID: 3548
1546
ID: 3549
St. Philip Neri (age 31) begins apostolate in Rome - Founds Oratory - joyful holiness attracts youth away from Protestant grimness
ID: 3549
1547
ID: 5980
January 16, 1547
Ivan IV crowned first Tsar of All Russia at age 16 - transforms from Grand Prince to Emperor, claims Caesar's authority
ID: 5980
1548
ID: 3550
Ignatius Loyola's Spiritual Exercises published - Secret method for spiritual transformation through imagination - Four-week program creating total loyalty - Creates reproducible system for mystical experience
ID: 3550
1548
ID: 3551
St. Ignatius has vision of coming Jesuit martyrs - 'I see God preparing a great harvest, but through much blood' - Spiritual Exercises officially approved
ID: 3551
1549
ID: 5500
August 15, 1549
St. Francis Xavier arrives in Japan, beginning Christian missionary work
ID: 5500
1550s (17 events)
1550
ID: 5165
Vasari publishes Lives of the Artists in Florence - creates concept of Renaissance, biography as art history
ID: 5165
1550
ID: 5701
Portuguese introduce chili peppers to India - transforms Indian cuisine forever, spreads through Asia via trade routes
ID: 5701
1550
ID: 5711
Portuguese traders introduce chili peppers to Thailand - becomes 'prik', fundamental to Thai cuisine within generations
ID: 5711
1550
ID: 5726
Portuguese create vindaloo in Goa - 'vinha d'alhos' (wine and garlic) adapted with local chilies, becomes iconic dish
ID: 5726
1551
ID: 3489
Jesuit Colleges established across Europe (1551-1556) - Messina, Palermo, Rome, German College - Free education attracts noble and merchant sons - Protestant observer: 'They steal our children's minds with sweetness'
ID: 3489
1551
ID: 5896
Conrad Gessner documents living aurochs - detailed description and woodcut of aurochs, distinguishes from bison
ID: 5896
1552
ID: 3490
St. Francis Xavier dies alone on island approaching China - Final words: 'In Te, Domine, speravi' - Body found incorrupt months later
ID: 3490
1552
ID: 5559
Siege of Eger - 2,000 defenders including women defeat 40,000 Ottomans, becoming national legend
ID: 5559
1552
ID: 5981
October 2, 1552
Ivan the Terrible conquers Kazan Khanate - breaks Mongol-Tatar power, opens Siberia to Russian expansion
ID: 5981
1553
ID: 2191
Muscovy Company chartered - first English joint-stock company with perpetual succession and limited liability
ID: 2191
1555
ID: 4976
St. Peter Canisius publishes his Catechism - saves southern Germany from Protestantism
ID: 4976
1556
ID: 2293
Philip II of Spain defaults - largest sovereign bankruptcy in history, German and Italian bankers ruined
ID: 2293
1556
ID: 5982
Ivan the Terrible annexes Astrakhan - gains control of entire Volga River, access to Caspian Sea
ID: 5982
1556
ID: 3491
July 31, 1556
St. Ignatius dies - 1,000 Jesuits in 110 houses worldwide - Dies pronouncing Holy Name of Jesus - Leaves Church intellectual army to combat Protestant errors
ID: 3491
1558
ID: 4198
Conrad Gesner catalogs Alpine dragons - Swiss naturalist describes various dragon species in the Alps with witness accounts (Historia Animalium)
ID: 4198
1559
ID: 3492
St. Teresa of Ávila - First vision of Christ - Christ appears wounded: 'Do not be afraid, My daughter, I am here and I will not abandon you' - 'The beauty of His hands is beyond description'
ID: 3492
1559
ID: 5000
Birth of St. Lawrence of Brindisi in Italy - future Doctor of the Church and Capuchin reformer
ID: 5000
1560s (18 events)
1560
ID: 3493
St. Teresa: Christ appears during prayer - 'From now on you shall not be concerned with human conversation, but only with angels' - 'Whoever has Me has everything'
ID: 3493
1560
ID: 5157
Catherine de' Medici becomes Regent of France - rules for son Charles IX, navigates Wars of Religion
ID: 5157
1560
ID: 5692
Jean Nicot introduces tobacco to French court as medicine - nicotine later named after him
ID: 5692
1562
ID: 3494
Jesuits arrive at French Court - Within decade, confessors to Catholic nobility - Huguenot complaint: 'They turn our own learning against us'
ID: 3494
1562
ID: 4946
St. Teresa of Ávila begins Carmelite reform - founds first reformed convent at Ávila despite opposition
ID: 4946
1564
ID: 5897
Polish royal gamekeepers appointed for aurochs - special guards protect last herd in Jaktorow Forest, only 38 animals remain
ID: 5897
1565
ID: 5624
Miguel López de Legazpi establishes the first permanent Spanish settlement in Cebu, beginning 333 years of Spanish colonial rule
ID: 5624
1565
ID: 5983
Ivan the Terrible establishes Oprichnina - creates parallel state with secret police, reign of terror begins
ID: 5983
1566
ID: 2192
Dutch Revolt begins challenging Spanish commercial restrictions - fight for economic freedom leads to legal innovations
ID: 2192
1566
ID: 3495
St. Pius V elected Pope - Dominican, implements Trent - St. Charles Borromeo arrives in Milan, begins radical reforms: 'The life of clerics must be like a mirror for the laity'
ID: 3495
1567
ID: 3496
St. Pius V declares Aquinas 'Doctor of the Church' - 'Divinely raised up to be a light to the world' - References fulfilled prophecies about great teacher
ID: 3496
1567
ID: 4972
St. John of the Cross meets St. Teresa of Ávila - begins reform of male Carmelites
ID: 4972
1567
ID: 4949
January 24, 1567
Birth of St. Francis de Sales in Savoy - future Doctor of the Church and gentle evangelist
ID: 4949
1568
ID: 3497
St. John of the Cross meets St. Teresa - begins Carmelite reform for men - Will suffer imprisonment - 'In the evening of life, we will be judged on love alone'
ID: 3497
1568
ID: 5501
Oda Nobunaga enters Kyoto, beginning process of reunifying Japan after century of warfare
ID: 5501
1569
ID: 5158
Cosimo I elevated to Grand Duke of Tuscany by Pope - Medici achieve sovereign princely status
ID: 5158
1569
ID: 5769
Ottoman Grand Vizier Sokollu Mehmed attempts Suez canal - gets few miles before abandoning, Portuguese already dominate
ID: 5769
1569
ID: 4980
May 10, 1569
Death of St. John of Ávila - Doctor of the Church, master of spiritual direction, influenced many saints
ID: 4980
1570s (24 events)
1570
ID: 2294
English statute makes fraudulent bankruptcy a capital crime - concealing assets from creditors punishable by death
ID: 2294
1570
ID: 3498
St. Pius V excommunicates Elizabeth I - Establishes Tridentine Mass - 'It is better that scandals arise than the truth be suppressed'
ID: 3498
1570
ID: 5640
Francisco Hernández de Toledo begins natural history survey of New Spain, documenting skunks scientifically
ID: 5640
1570
ID: 5670
Spanish bring potatoes from Peru to Europe - initially curiosity for botanists, not recognized as food
ID: 5670
1570
ID: 5712
Chili peppers reach China via Portuguese Macau and Muslim traders on Silk Road - called 'la jiao' (spicy pepper)
ID: 5712
1571
ID: 5625
June 24, 1571
Spanish conquistador Miguel López de Legazpi establishes Manila as the capital of the Spanish East Indies
ID: 5625
1571
ID: 3499
October 7, 1571
Battle of Lepanto - St. Pius V calls for Rosary Crusade - Has vision of victory during battle - Our Lady of Victory feast established - 30,000 Christian galley slaves freed
ID: 3499
1572
ID: 3500
Montaigne's skeptical crisis - 'Que sçay-je?' (What do I know?) becomes motto - 'We have no communication with being' - Pyrrhonian skepticism revived
ID: 3500
1572
ID: 3501
St. Teresa experiences transverberation - angel pierces heart with fire dart - Christ: 'You have now become truly My bride' - Bernini later captures in marble
ID: 3501
1572
ID: 4200
Ulisse Aldrovandi documents dragon killing - Bologna naturalist records dragon killed near Bologna, keeps specimen in museum
ID: 4200
1572
ID: 5159
August 24, 1572
St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre - Catherine de' Medici implicated in killing thousands of Huguenots
ID: 5159
1573
ID: 4185
Dragon of Wantley killed - More of More Hall kills dragon in spiked armor, attacks through well (Yorkshire records)
ID: 4185
1574
ID: 5160
April 21, 1574
Death of Cosimo I - established Medici as hereditary rulers, patron of arts and sciences
ID: 5160
1575
ID: 3502
St. Philip Neri builds Chiesa Nuova - During Mass, frequently levitates - servers hold him down - 'The true way to advance is to descend'
ID: 3502
1575
ID: 5713
Spanish establish tobacco cultivation in Philippines - becomes key crop for Manila galleon trade to Mexico and Asia
ID: 5713
1575
ID: 5714
Tobacco reaches China via Fujian merchants trading with Philippines - spreads inland along trade routes
ID: 5714
1576
ID: 4957
St. Robert Bellarmine begins teaching controversial theology at Roman College - defends Church against Protestantism
ID: 4957
1577
ID: 3503
St. Teresa writes 'Interior Castle' - masterpiece of mystical theology - Maps soul's journey to God - 'The soul is like crystal - God dwells in the center'
ID: 3503
1577
ID: 4947
St. Teresa writes 'Interior Castle' - masterpiece on prayer and mystical union with God
ID: 4947
1578
ID: 3504
St. John of the Cross imprisoned by own order in Toledo - Composes 'Dark Night of the Soul' in prison - 'Where there is no love, put love, and you will find love'
ID: 3504
1578
ID: 4973
St. John of the Cross imprisoned by unreformed Carmelites - writes 'Dark Night of the Soul' in prison
ID: 4973
1578
ID: 3505
September 14, 1578
Shroud of Turin arrives in Turin - Duke Emmanuel Philibert transfers from Chambéry - St. Charles Borromeo walks barefoot from Milan to venerate - 'This is truly the work of God'
ID: 3505
1579
ID: 2193
Union of Utrecht establishes Dutch Republic - federal structure with provincial sovereignty, new model of governance
ID: 2193
1579
ID: 3506
Jesuit mission to England begins - Edmund Campion's underground ministry - 'The enterprise is begun; it is of God, it cannot be withstood'
ID: 3506
1580s (17 events)
1580
ID: 2194
Case of Sutton's Hospital - corporation can act through agents, establishing principle of corporate representation
ID: 2194
1580
ID: 3507
Montaigne's 'Of Cannibals' essay - Based on conversations with Brazilian Tupinambá - 'I find nothing barbarous...except that each man calls barbarism whatever is not his own practice'
ID: 3507
1580
ID: 3508
St. Charles Borromeo during Milan plague - Personally ministers to sick, sells possessions - Processes barefoot with rope around neck doing penance for city
ID: 3508
1580
ID: 3509
Peak Jesuit influence in Counter-Reformation (1580s-1590s) - Recover Poland, parts of Germany - Protestant alarm: 'They have stolen our method of education and improved it'
ID: 3509
1580
ID: 5770
Aleppo-Basra overland route revives - avoiding Portuguese naval power, caravans bring spices through Syria to Mediterranean
ID: 5770
1581
ID: 5984
Ivan the Terrible kills his son and heir Ivan Ivanovich in rage - ensures future Time of Troubles
ID: 5984
1582
ID: 5001
St. Lawrence of Brindisi ordained - knew 8 languages, preached throughout Europe against heresy
ID: 5001
1582
ID: 5502
June 21, 1582
Oda Nobunaga forced to commit seppuku at Honnoji Temple after betrayal by Akechi Mitsuhide
ID: 5502
1582
ID: 3510
October 4, 1582
St. Teresa dies - 'At last, O my God, at last I die a daughter of the Church' - Arm remains incorrupt and flexible
ID: 3510
1582
ID: 4948
October 4, 1582
Death of St. Teresa of Ávila - Doctor of the Church, reformed Carmelites, wrote mystical classics
ID: 4948
1584
ID: 3511
November 3, 1584
St. Charles Borromeo dies at age 46 - Worn out from reforms - transformed Milan into model diocese - 'One soul is diocese enough'
ID: 3511
1585
ID: 2295
Dutch develop maatschap (partnership) and vennootschap (company) distinctions - partnerships personal, companies have separate existence
ID: 2295
1587
ID: 5171
Ferdinando I de' Medici becomes Grand Duke - leaves cardinalate, marries, restores Medici prosperity
ID: 5171
1587
ID: 3512
February 8, 1587
Execution of Mary Queen of Scots at Fotheringhay - Protestant-raised James VI learns of Catholic mother's beheading - Creates lifelong pattern: outward Protestant conformity masking deep anxieties
ID: 3512
1588
ID: 5671
Potatoes reach Antwerp from Spain - botanist Carolus Clusius receives specimens, distributes across Europe
ID: 5671
1589
ID: 5672
Sir Walter Raleigh allegedly introduces potatoes to Ireland - plants them at his estate in Cork (story possibly apocryphal)
ID: 5672
1589
ID: 3513
October 1589
James VI marries Anne of Denmark - Storm voyage to Denmark - Admiral's log: 'Storms of such supernatural fury' - James exposed to continental demonology and witch trials
ID: 3513
1590s (22 events)
1590
ID: 3514
North Berwick Witch Trials begin - Geillis Duncan reveals supposed coven of 200 witches plotting against King - Agnes Sampson brought before James at Holyrood Palace
ID: 3514
1590
ID: 5503
Toyotomi Hideyoshi completes unification of Japan after defeating Hojo clan at Odawara
ID: 5503
1591
ID: 3515
Agnes Sampson's revelation to James VI - Whispers exact words from wedding night - James: 'Now I am convinced of the reality of witchcraft where before I doubted'
ID: 3515
1591
ID: 3516
December 14, 1591
St. John of the Cross dies - 'Tonight I shall be in heaven' - Body exudes mysterious fragrance for months
ID: 3516
1591
ID: 4974
December 14, 1591
Death of St. John of the Cross - Doctor of the Church, master of mystical theology
ID: 4974
1592
ID: 5504
Hideyoshi invades Korea in first attempt to conquer Ming China, beginning Imjin War
ID: 5504
1592
ID: 5533
Japanese invasion of Korea (Imjin War) begins - Admiral Yi Sun-sin's turtle ships defeat Japanese navy
ID: 5533
1592
ID: 5718
Chili peppers reach Korea during Japanese invasions - transforms kimchi from white to red, creates gochugaru culture
ID: 5718
1593
ID: 5560
Long Turkish War begins between Habsburgs and Ottomans over Hungary, lasts until 1606
ID: 5560
1594
ID: 2195
Bank of Amsterdam prototype established - public deposit bank with transferable accounts, foundation for modern banking law
ID: 2195
1594
ID: 3517
Our Lady of the Rosary appears at Montesion, Spain - To Dominican community during Salve Regina - 'Continue the Rosary - it will save the world from error'
ID: 3517
1595
ID: 3518
May 26, 1595
St. Philip Neri dies - 'Last of the mystics' - Autopsy reveals enlarged heart, two ribs broken by divine love
ID: 3518
1596
ID: 2296
Spanish Netherlands bankruptcy ordinance - first to allow voluntary bankruptcy petition by debtor, not just creditor-initiated
ID: 2296
1596
ID: 3519
Kepler's 'Mysterium Cosmographicum' - 'Geometry existed before the Creation' - Universe as mathematical puzzle - God as geometer not Father - Quality replaced by quantity
ID: 3519
1597
ID: 2196
First Dutch East Indies voyage returns 400% profit - demonstrating need for permanent capital and limited liability
ID: 2196
1597
ID: 3520
James VI publishes 'Daemonologie' - Refuting skeptics like Reginald Scot - 'Since the Devil is the verie contrarie opposite to God' - Prescribes swimming test - Becomes witch-hunting manual across Protestant Europe
ID: 3520
1597
ID: 3521
St. Peter Canisius dies - wrote first German catechism - Reconverted much of Germany through education - 'If you have much, give much; if little, give little, but give with heart'
ID: 3521
1597
ID: 5534
Second Japanese invasion of Korea - ultimately repelled with Ming Chinese assistance
ID: 5534
1597
ID: 4977
December 21, 1597
Death of St. Peter Canisius - Doctor of the Church, defended faith through education and catechesis
ID: 4977
1598
ID: 3522
December 28, 1598
William Schaw issues First Schaw Statutes - James VI's Master of Works regulates all Scottish mason lodges - Introduces esoteric elements and 'art of memorie' - Lodges must elect wardens and keep written records
ID: 3522
1599
ID: 3523
Second Schaw Statutes deepen esoteric elements - Specific to Lodge of Kilwinning claiming 'ancient privileges' - References 'the Mason Word' - secret passwords - Introduces territorial lodge system later copied globally
ID: 3523
1599
ID: 5898
Only 24 aurochs left in world - all in Jaktorow Forest Poland, 4 bulls and 20 cows, intense protection efforts
ID: 5898