1600s (33 events)
1600
ID: 2197
English East India Company chartered - monopoly on Asian trade with joint-stock structure and governor-and-company organization
ID: 2197
1600
ID: 3444
Giordano Bruno burned in Rome - Dominican friar turned hermetic magus - Vision of reformed universal religion combining all faiths - Creates martyrdom narrative for hermetic tradition
ID: 3444
1600
ID: 3445
St. Joseph Calasanz founds Piarists - free education for poor - 'If from childhood a child is instructed in religion and letters, one can hope for a happy life'
ID: 3445
1600
ID: 4455
Japanese soroban abacus refined - 1 bead above, 4 below bar, still used today in Japanese schools
ID: 4455
1600
ID: 5674
Maize cultivation spreads across Europe - grown in Spain, Portugal, France, Italy as animal feed and peasant food
ID: 5674
1600
ID: 5723
Tobacco mixed with betel nut chewing in Southeast Asia - creates new intoxicant combination, becomes cultural tradition
ID: 5723
1600
ID: 5724
Kashmiri chilies developed through selective breeding - prized for deep red color with mild heat, transforms regional cuisine
ID: 5724
1600
ID: 5727
Hookah (water pipe) tobacco smoking reaches Mughal India from Persia - becomes elite social ritual in courts
ID: 5727
1600
ID: 5771
Cairo spice trade collapses - from 490 tons of pepper annually in 1500 to under 20 tons, Cape route destroys ancient system
ID: 5771
1600
ID: 5172
October 6, 1600
Marie de' Medici marries Henry IV of France - second Medici queen of France, mother of Louis XIII
ID: 5172
1600
ID: 5505
October 21, 1600
Battle of Sekigahara - Tokugawa Ieyasu defeats rivals, becomes de facto ruler of Japan
ID: 5505
1602
ID: 2198
Dutch East India Company (VOC) established - first publicly traded company with permanent capital and transferable shares
ID: 2198
1602
ID: 4950
St. Francis de Sales becomes Bishop of Geneva - converts 70,000 Calvinists through gentleness
ID: 4950
1602
ID: 5120
Bridge of Sighs built - connects interrogation rooms in Doge's Palace with prisons, prisoners sigh seeing last view of Venice
ID: 5120
1603
ID: 3447
Jesuit Superior General reports 13,000 members worldwide - 550 colleges and universities - Confessors to most Catholic princes
ID: 3447
1603
ID: 5506
Tokugawa Ieyasu becomes shogun, establishing Tokugawa shogunate with capital at Edo (Tokyo)
ID: 5506
1603
ID: 3446
March 24, 1603
James VI of Scotland becomes James I of England - Inherits kingdom where his mother executed as Catholic - Brings Scottish witch-hunting zeal and unknowingly, nascent Masonic organization to England
ID: 3446
1604
ID: 2297
English bankruptcy law adds discharge provision - commissioners can grant certificate of conformity releasing cooperative debtor from debts
ID: 2297
1604
ID: 3448
King James Bible Translation commissioned (1604-1611) - Includes strengthened Exodus 22:18: 'Thou shalt not suffer a witch to live' - Translation committee includes hermetic scholars
ID: 3448
1605
ID: 3449
Johann Arndt publishes 'True Christianity' - First major Protestant work emphasizing inner spiritual life over correct doctrine - Later called 'father of Pietism'
ID: 3449
1606
ID: 2199
Case of the Postnati (Calvin's Case) - Coke defines allegiance and nationality, foundation of birthright citizenship
ID: 2199
1607
ID: 2200
Bank of Amsterdam officially established - deposits guaranteed by city, accounts transferable by written order, creates commercial money
ID: 2200
1608
ID: 2201
Dutch develop grondbrief system - registered land titles with public recording, modernizing property law
ID: 2201
1608
ID: 3450
St. Francis de Sales publishes 'Introduction to Devout Life' - Shows holiness possible for laity - 'Be who you are and be that well'
ID: 3450
1608
ID: 4201
Edward Topsell publishes dragon accounts - 'Historie of Serpents' includes detailed dragon descriptions with woodcut illustrations
ID: 4201
1609
ID: 2202
Amsterdam Stock Exchange opens - first official stock exchange with regular trading in VOC shares
ID: 2202
1609
ID: 2203
Hugo Grotius writes Mare Liberum - freedom of the seas doctrine, foundation of international law
ID: 2203
1609
ID: 2298
Bank of Amsterdam begins registering partnership agreements - creating public record of partnership terms and partners' authority
ID: 2298
1609
ID: 3451
St. Frances of Rome canonized - model for married sanctity - Her life proves holiness exists in all states against Protestant rejection of saints
ID: 3451
1609
ID: 3452
Jesuit Relations from New France begin (1609-1614) - Detailed ethnographic accounts - Creates 'noble savage' as justification for cultural destruction
ID: 3452
1609
ID: 4951
St. Francis de Sales writes 'Introduction to the Devout Life' - spirituality for laypeople in the world
ID: 4951
1609
ID: 5641
Captain John Smith encounters and writes about skunks in Virginia
ID: 5641
1609
ID: 5717
Tokugawa shogunate restricts tobacco cultivation - attempts to control spread fail, becomes widely cultivated crop
ID: 5717
1610s (29 events)
1610
ID: 2204
Bonham's Case - Coke suggests common law can void acts of Parliament, early judicial review concept
ID: 2204
1610
ID: 3453
Assassination of Henri IV of France - Jesuits blamed (unfairly) for regicide - Creates atmosphere of apocalyptic Protestant-Catholic struggle
ID: 3453
1610
ID: 3454
Our Lady of Good Success appears to Mother Mariana (Quito, Ecuador) - Prophecies 20th century crisis: 'The demon will try to persecute the ministers of the Lord in every possible way'
ID: 3454
1610
ID: 3455
Miracle of Holy Face image at Spanish monastery - Nun sees Face of Christ bleed during prayer - Blood analyzed as human type AB (same as Shroud)
ID: 3455
1610
ID: 5173
Marie de' Medici becomes Regent of France after Henry IV assassinated - rules for young Louis XIII
ID: 5173
1611
ID: 2205
Dutch develop wisselbank system - negotiable bills of exchange with endorsement, creating commercial paper law
ID: 2205
1612
ID: 2206
Case of Monopolies - void restraints of trade at common law, foundation of antitrust principles
ID: 2206
1612
ID: 3456
Lancashire Witch Trials (Pendle Witches) - James's 'Daemonologie' cited as legal authority - 10 executed based on spectral evidence
ID: 3456
1612
ID: 5694
John Rolfe successfully cultivates tobacco in Virginia - becomes colony's economic salvation, drives slave trade expansion
ID: 5694
1613
ID: 3457
Elector John Sigismund of Brandenburg converts to Calvinism - While subjects remain Lutheran - Sets stage for Pietism to provide unifying ideology
ID: 3457
1613
ID: 3459
St. Francis de Sales venerates Shroud privately - Writes: 'This sacred shroud wraps not a dead but a living Christ'
ID: 3459
1613
ID: 3458
February 14, 1613
Frederick V marries Elizabeth Stuart - Elaborate festivities with hermetic symbolism - James gives daughter away but worried about Frederick's ambitions
ID: 3458
1614
ID: 3460
Confessio Fraternitatis published - 'We condemn the Pope and Mahomet' - Explicitly positions against Jesuits - Offers invisible brotherhood to counter visible Jesuits
ID: 3460
1614
ID: 3461
Fama Fraternitatis published in Kassel - Announces Brotherhood of Rosy Cross - Claims perfect knowledge of nature - 'Europe is pregnant and will bring forth a strong child'
ID: 3461
1614
ID: 4194
St. Leonard's Forest Dragon - 9-foot serpent with black scales kills men and cattle, pamphlet 'True and Wonderful' published
ID: 4194
1614
ID: 4456
John Napier publishes 'Mirifici Logarithmorum Canonis Descriptio' - invents logarithms to turn multiplication into addition
ID: 4456
1614
ID: 5507
Tokugawa Ieyasu bans Christianity throughout Japan, beginning severe persecution
ID: 5507
1615
ID: 2207
Coke dismissed as Chief Justice for opposing royal prerogative - conflict over law versus sovereign will
ID: 2207
1615
ID: 3462
James VI/I becomes more skeptical - Exposes fraudulent boy claiming demonic possession - Orders punishment for false accusers - Yet Scottish lodges continue developing
ID: 3462
1615
ID: 5695
Chocolate reaches France via Spanish princess marriage to Louis XIII - becomes aristocratic fashion
ID: 5695
1615
ID: 5696
Coffee arrives in Venice from Ottoman Empire - first European coffee, Venetian merchants control early trade
ID: 5696
1616
ID: 3463
Chemical Wedding of Christian Rosenkreutz published - Complex alchemical allegory - Author Johann Valentin Andreae later admits: 'I meant to laugh at the curious'
ID: 3463
1617
ID: 3464
Rosicrucian panic/enthusiasm across Europe (1617-1620) - Over 200 pamphlets published - Descartes searches for Rosicrucians in Germany
ID: 3464
1617
ID: 4457
Napier's bones (Napier's rods) invented - numbered rods for multiplication, division, and square roots
ID: 4457
1618
ID: 3465
Defenestration of Prague - Thirty Years War begins - Protestant Bohemian nobles throw Catholic governors from window
ID: 3465
1619
ID: 5116
Banco del Giro founded - Venice creates one of first public banks, manages state debt, influences modern banking
ID: 5116
1619
ID: 5002
July 22, 1619
Death of St. Lawrence of Brindisi in Lisbon - Doctor of the Church, left 15 volumes of sermons
ID: 5002
1619
ID: 3466
August 1619
Frederick V elected King of Bohemia - Accepts crown against James I's advice - Seen as fulfillment of Rosicrucian prophecies
ID: 3466
1619
ID: 3467
November 10, 1619
Descartes's three dreams - 'Evil Genius' night near Ulm - 'I was filled with enthusiasm and discovered foundations of wonderful science' - Creates mechanical physics from mystical vision
ID: 3467
1620s (26 events)
1620
ID: 2208
Francis Bacon's Novum Organum - empirical method influences legal proof and fact-finding
ID: 2208
1620
ID: 3468
Francis Bacon's 'Novum Organum' - 'Knowledge is power' - 'We must torture nature's secrets from her' - Rejects final causes (purpose)
ID: 3468
1620
ID: 3470
St. Martin de Porres vision during racial persecution - Christ: 'Did I not die on the Cross for blacks as well as for whites? I am the same color in My Blood for all people'
ID: 3470
1620
ID: 5778
Pilgrims bring apple seeds to America - first apple trees planted at Plymouth, begin North American apple cultivation
ID: 5778
1620
ID: 5899
Last aurochs bull dies - only one female remains alive in Jaktorow Forest, extinction inevitable
ID: 5899
1620
ID: 3469
November 8, 1620
Battle of White Mountain - Frederick's forces crushed in one hour - Protestant army flees - 'The Rosicrucian dream died on that field'
ID: 3469
1621
ID: 2209
Dutch West India Company chartered - innovations include dividend policy and director liability rules
ID: 2209
1621
ID: 3471
Jakob Böhme's mystical writings begin circulating - Lutheran shoemaker claims divine revelations - 'God is in all things, and all things are in God' - Influences later Pietists and Quakers
ID: 3471
1621
ID: 3472
Public pressure forces token response from James I - London crowds demand 'War for the Princess!' - But James still pursuing Spanish marriage while Elizabeth in exile
ID: 3472
1621
ID: 5749
Dutch commit genocide in Banda Islands - kill or enslave 14,000 of 15,000 inhabitants to control nutmeg monopoly
ID: 5749
1621
ID: 4958
September 17, 1621
Death of St. Robert Bellarmine - Doctor of the Church, wrote 'Disputations on the Controversies of the Christian Faith'
ID: 4958
1622
ID: 3473
Prince Charles and Buckingham secret journey to Madrid for Spanish Match - Protestant horror at future king courting Catholic bride - Meanwhile Frederick loses all hereditary lands
ID: 3473
1622
ID: 3474
Jesuits recover Heidelberg Library - Frederick's hermetic paradise destroyed - 3,500 manuscripts sent to Vatican - 'Jesuits conquered through learning what they could not by force'
ID: 3474
1622
ID: 4458
William Oughtred invents slide rule - combines logarithmic scales for multiplication and division, used until 1970s
ID: 4458
1622
ID: 4952
December 28, 1622
Death of St. Francis de Sales - Doctor of the Church, patron of writers and journalists
ID: 4952
1623
ID: 2210
Statute of Monopolies - patents limited to new inventions for 14 years, foundation of modern patent law
ID: 2210
1623
ID: 2299
English statute requires creditor consent for bankruptcy discharge - 4/5ths in number and value must agree to certificate
ID: 2299
1623
ID: 3475
Rosicrucian scare in Paris - Posters announce invisible brethren in city - Panic ensues - Descartes publicly shows himself to prove he's not invisible
ID: 3475
1623
ID: 4459
Wilhelm Schickard designs 'Calculating Clock' - first mechanical calculator with gears for addition and subtraction
ID: 4459
1625
ID: 2211
Grotius publishes De Jure Belli ac Pacis - systematic international law based on natural law and consent
ID: 2211
1625
ID: 3477
St. Vincent de Paul founds Congregation of Mission - Will transform French Church through charity - 'The poor are our masters'
ID: 3477
1625
ID: 3476
March 27, 1625
James I dies - Legacy of betrayal: Abandoned Protestant cause for illusory peace - Elizabeth remains in exile as 'Winter Queen' - Protestant verdict: 'He kept peace by surrendering to Rome'
ID: 3476
1627
ID: 5535
First Manchu invasion of Korea - Joseon becomes tributary of Later Jin
ID: 5535
1627
ID: 5900
Last aurochs dies in Poland - final cow dies in Jaktorow Forest, ending species that existed since Pleistocene
ID: 5900
1628
ID: 2212
Petition of Right - Parliamentary declaration against forced loans and arbitrary imprisonment, constitutional milestone
ID: 2212
1629
ID: 2213
Massachusetts Bay Company charter - joint-stock company becomes self-governing commonwealth, corporation as government
ID: 2213
1630s (15 events)
1630
ID: 3478
Blessed Marie of the Incarnation arrives in New France - Mystical union while teaching native children - 'I saw all nations in the Heart of Jesus'
ID: 3478
1631
ID: 5117
Great Plague and vow - 80,000 die, Senate vows to build Santa Maria della Salute church if plague ends
ID: 5117
1632
ID: 3479
Spinoza born (1632-1677) - Future philosopher of God-Nature equation
ID: 3479
1633
ID: 3480
Galileo's trial and nominalist victory - 'The book of nature is written in mathematical language' - Primary qualities (mathematical) real, secondary qualities subjective
ID: 3480
1633
ID: 3481
St. Louise de Marillac co-founds Daughters of Charity with Vincent de Paul - First non-cloistered women religious - 'The poor have no one if they do not have you'
ID: 3481
1633
ID: 5716
Ottoman Sultan Murad IV bans tobacco - death penalty for smoking, but ban fails as soldiers and citizens resist
ID: 5716
1634
ID: 3482
Our Lady appears at Notre-Dame des Ardilliers (France) - Weeping statue performs numerous miracles - 'The tears were so abundant they had to be wiped repeatedly'
ID: 3482
1634
ID: 5642
William Wood publishes 'New England's Prospect,' describing 'squunckes' and their 'ill savor'
ID: 5642
1635
ID: 2214
Ship Money Case - courts uphold royal prerogative taxation, contributing to Civil War
ID: 2214
1635
ID: 5643
French Jesuit Paul Le Jeune describes skunks in detail in the Jesuit Relations from Quebec
ID: 5643
1636
ID: 5536
Second Manchu invasion - Joseon forced to break with Ming, becomes Qing tributary
ID: 5536
1637
ID: 3483
Descartes's 'Discourse on Method' - 'Cogito ergo sum' - individual consciousness as foundation - Animals as automata with no souls - 'Give me matter and motion, and I will construct the world'
ID: 3483
1637
ID: 3484
St. Martin de Porres in daily ecstasy - Christ appears: 'I am pleased with your humility' - Bilocation, healing, prophecy show supernatural reality Descartes denies
ID: 3484
1637
ID: 5508
Shimabara Rebellion - 37,000 Christian peasants revolt, ultimately crushed with great slaughter
ID: 5508
1639
ID: 5509
Japan closes to outside world (sakoku) - only Dutch and Chinese traders allowed at Nagasaki
ID: 5509
1640s (12 events)
1640
ID: 3485
St. Joseph of Cupertino - The 'Flying Saint' - Over 70 witnesses testify to extended flights during Mass - Christ: 'I choose the simple to confound the wise' - Inquisition confirms authenticity
ID: 3485
1641
ID: 2215
Abolition of Star Chamber - common law triumphs over prerogative courts, due process protected
ID: 2215
1641
ID: 3486
Descartes's 'Meditations' - 'Evil genius supremely powerful and clever' deceiving me - Must prove God to guarantee truth - Mind absolutely separate from body - Creates unsolvable interaction problem
ID: 3486
1642
ID: 2216
English Civil War begins - fundamental conflict over source of law: king or Parliament
ID: 2216
1642
ID: 3487
St. Isaac Jogues tortured by Mohawks - fingers cut off - Returns to missions: 'I would rather be tortured than idle' - Martyred 1646: 'Jesus, Jesus, Jesus'
ID: 3487
1642
ID: 4460
Blaise Pascal invents Pascaline - mechanical calculator using gears and wheels, builds 50 units for sale
ID: 4460
1643
ID: 5644
Dutch colonist Johannes Megapolensis Jr. writes about skunks in New Netherland
ID: 5644
1644
ID: 4721
Manchus establish Qing Dynasty - last imperial dynasty begins 268-year rule
ID: 4721
1644
ID: 5720
Snuff tobacco becomes elite fashion in Qing court - ornate snuff bottles become art form, smoking considered vulgar
ID: 5720
1647
ID: 3488
St. Margaret Mary Alacoque born - future apostle of Sacred Heart - Heaven preparing response to coming cold rationalism
ID: 3488
1649
ID: 2217
Charles I executed - regicide justified by law above king, revolutionary legal principle
ID: 2217
1649
ID: 2300
Hanseatic League cities develop konkursordnung - priority rules for creditor payment, secured creditors first, then wages, then general creditors
ID: 2300
1650s (10 events)
1650
ID: 5719
Chili peppers reach Sichuan - combine with native Sichuan peppercorns to create 'mala' (numbing-spicy) flavor profile
ID: 5719
1650
ID: 5725
Tobacco pipe smoking becomes Korean social custom - long pipes (jangdae) for elderly become status symbol
ID: 5725
1650
ID: 5729
Kiseru (Japanese tobacco pipes) become samurai fashion - elaborate metal pipes show status, smoking becomes ritual
ID: 5729
1650
ID: 5730
Chilies spread along Silk Road to Central Asia - valued for food preservation in harsh climates, transforms nomadic cuisines
ID: 5730
1651
ID: 2218
Hobbes publishes Leviathan - social contract theory, law as sovereign command, positivist foundation
ID: 2218
1651
ID: 3416
Thomas Hobbes's 'Leviathan' - 'Words are wise men's counters... but they are the money of fools' - No essences, only names we impose - 'The universe is corporeal; all that is real is material' - Man in nature: 'solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short'
ID: 3416
1651
ID: 3417
St. Peter Claver dies in Colombia - 'slave of slaves' - Baptized 300,000 African slaves: 'We must speak to them with our hands by giving before we speak with our lips'
ID: 3417
1652
ID: 3418
St. Jean de Brébeuf martyred in Canada - Iroquois pour boiling water over head mocking baptism - Remains silent through 4 hours of torture - heart found intact
ID: 3418
1652
ID: 3419
Holy Face of Lucca performs miracle in Italy - Ancient crucifix with Holy Face sweats blood during plague outbreak - many healed - Scientists cannot explain phenomenon
ID: 3419
1653
ID: 2219
First written constitution in England (Instrument of Government) - Cromwell's protectorate, separation of powers
ID: 2219
1660s (14 events)
1660
ID: 2220
Restoration of monarchy - Charles II returns but accepts Parliamentary limits, constitutional monarchy emerging
ID: 2220
1660
ID: 3420
St. Vincent de Paul dies - transformed French Church - 25,000 attend funeral - 'Love is inventive to infinity'
ID: 3420
1660
ID: 3765
Absolute monarchy established - Frederick III gains absolute power after defeat by Sweden
ID: 3765
1660
ID: 4208
Two-legged dragon seen near Zurich - multiple witnesses describe dragon with two legs and wings (Zurich city chronicles)
ID: 4208
1662
ID: 434
Arnauld and Nicole publish 'La Logique ou l'Art de Penser' (Port-Royal Logic), influential logic textbook bridging scholastic and modern logic
ID: 434
1662
ID: 2301
Colbert establishes société en commandite in France - limited partnership form spreading from Italy, sleeping partners risk only investment
ID: 2301
1664
ID: 482
Beginning of 54 years of apparitions to Benoite Rencurel at Laus, France (ending 1718)
ID: 482
1664
ID: 3421
OUR LADY OF TEARS - Syracuse image weeps human tears - Scientific investigation confirms supernatural nature - Occurs as rationalism denies miracles
ID: 3421
1665
ID: 4199
Athanasius Kircher explains dragons scientifically - Jesuit scholar argues dragons live in underground caves, emerge through volcanoes (Mundus Subterraneus)
ID: 4199
1666
ID: 435
Leibniz writes 'De Arte Combinatoria', outlining his vision for a universal characteristic and logical calculus
ID: 435
1666
ID: 2221
Great Fire of London leads to Fire Court - special tribunal using summary procedure, early disaster law
ID: 2221
1667
ID: 5748
Dutch trade Manhattan for nutmeg island Run - keeping tiny Banda island worth more than New Amsterdam to Dutch
ID: 5748
1668
ID: 4191
Henham Dragon sighted in Essex - 9-foot winged serpent seen by multiple witnesses near Henham, pamphlet published (English broadsheets)
ID: 4191
1669
ID: 5118
Fall of Crete to Ottomans - after 21-year siege of Candia, Venice loses major possession, maritime empire shrinking
ID: 5118
1670s (18 events)
1670
ID: 2222
Bushel's Case - jury independence established, jurors cannot be punished for verdict, foundation of jury rights
ID: 2222
1670
ID: 2302
Hudson's Bay Company uses partnership within corporation - factors trade as partners but within corporate structure
ID: 2302
1670
ID: 3422
Pascal's 'Pensées' Published Posthumously - Last major defense of Christianity using reason - 'The heart has reasons that reason knows not' - Famous wager: Bet on God existing
ID: 3422
1670
ID: 3423
Spinoza's 'Theological-Political Treatise' - 'I have made a ceaseless effort not to ridicule, not to bewail, not to scorn human actions, but to understand them' - 'Nature has no end set before it' - Purpose is human projection
ID: 3423
1670
ID: 3424
Birth of Radical Pietist Eva von Buttlar - Later claims to be incarnation of Christ - Leads commune with 'spiritual marriages' - Represents extreme antinomian potential within Pietism
ID: 3424
1672
ID: 2223
Stop of the Exchequer - Crown defaults on debt, leading to development of public debt law
ID: 2223
1673
ID: 2224
Test Act - religious requirements for office holding, linking civil rights to religious conformity
ID: 2224
1673
ID: 2303
French Ordinance of Commerce (Code Savary) - comprehensive commercial code including bankruptcy and partnership rules, model for Europe
ID: 2303
1673
ID: 4461
Leibniz creates Stepped Reckoner - first calculator that could multiply, divide, and find square roots using stepped drums
ID: 4461
1673
ID: 3425
December 27, 1673
ST. MARGARET MARY - SACRED HEART REVELATIONS begin at Paray-le-Monial - First apparition - Christ: 'My Divine Heart is so passionately inflamed with love for mankind...It must spread them abroad by your means'
ID: 3425
1674
ID: 3426
Sacred Heart revelation continues - Christ: 'Behold this Heart which has so loved men that It has spared nothing... In return, I receive from the greater part only ingratitude'
ID: 3426
1675
ID: 3428
Philipp Jakob Spener publishes 'Pia Desideria' - Manifesto of Pietist movement - Calls for 'little churches within the church' - Six proposals for reform that bypass institutional church - Creates paradox: Inner spiritual freedom requires external mutual surveillance
ID: 3428
1675
ID: 3427
June 1675
Great Apparition - Christ reveals 12 promises including First Friday devotion: 'In the excess of the mercy of My Heart, I promise that My all-powerful love will grant to all those who receive Holy Communion on the First Fridays in nine consecutive months the grace of final perseverance'
ID: 3427
1676
ID: 2225
Lord Nottingham begins systematizing equity - transforming Chancellor's conscience into predictable legal rules
ID: 2225
1677
ID: 2226
Statute of Frauds - requiring written evidence for certain contracts and trusts, formalizing commercial transactions
ID: 2226
1677
ID: 3429
Spinoza's 'Ethics' Published Posthumously - 'Deus sive Natura' - God or Nature (same thing) - 'Men believe themselves free because they are conscious of their volitions...but ignorant of the causes' - No transcendence, pure immanence
ID: 3429
1679
ID: 2227
Habeas Corpus Act - statutory protection against arbitrary detention, procedural safeguards strengthened
ID: 2227
1679
ID: 3430
Halley applies gravitational mathematics to calculate precise positions of southern hemisphere stars in his star catalog
ID: 3430
1680s (14 events)
1680
ID: 2228
Duke of Norfolk's Case - Rule against Perpetuities emerging, limiting dead hand control of property
ID: 2228
1680
ID: 3431
St. Claude de la Colombière (Margaret Mary's confessor) confirms visions - Begins spreading Sacred Heart devotion despite Jansenist opposition - 'This devotion is the last effort of His love'
ID: 3431
1681
ID: 2304
French Code de Commerce distinguishes three partnership types - société générale (general), en commandite (limited), and anonyme (by shares)
ID: 2304
1682
ID: 2229
Lord Nottingham decides Cook v. Fountain - establishing modern trust principles distinguishing legal and equitable ownership
ID: 2229
1682
ID: 5985
Peter I becomes co-Tsar at age 10 with half-brother Ivan V - Sophia acts as regent, streltsy revolt
ID: 5985
1683
ID: 5697
Coffee reaches Vienna after Ottoman siege defeat - legend says fleeing Turks leave coffee beans, first Viennese coffeehouse opens
ID: 5697
1685
ID: 2230
Revocation of Edict of Nantes - Huguenot refugees bring commercial law expertise to England and Netherlands
ID: 2230
1685
ID: 4462
Leibniz perfects his wheel mechanism - becomes standard for mechanical calculators for 200 years
ID: 4462
1686
ID: 3432
Spener's Frankfurt Conventicles Condemned - Lutheran authorities ban his private religious meetings (collegia pietatis) - Spener responds by making them more secretive - Orthodox Lutherans warn: 'These conventicles breed spiritual pride and separation'
ID: 3432
1686
ID: 5561
Buda liberated from Ottomans after 145 years by Habsburg-led Holy League forces
ID: 5561
1688
ID: 2231
Glorious Revolution - Parliamentary supremacy established, Bill of Rights limits crown, rule of law triumphs
ID: 2231
1688
ID: 3433
The 'Pietist Prince' Frederick III Becomes Elector of Brandenburg - Educated by Pietist tutors - Makes Pietism fashionable among nobility - Beginning of formal Pietist-Hohenzollern alliance
ID: 3433
1689
ID: 2232
English Bill of Rights enacted - catalogue of rights and liberties, parliamentary control of taxation and army
ID: 2232
1689
ID: 3434
John Locke's 'Essay Concerning Human Understanding' - mind as blank slate - 'No innate principles in the mind' - 'Nihil est in intellectu quod non prius fuerit in sensu'
ID: 3434
1690s (21 events)
1690
ID: 2233
John Locke's Second Treatise - property rights from labor, government by consent, influences legal thought
ID: 2233
1690
ID: 3435
Locke's 'Two Treatises of Government' - natural rights, social contract - Creates template for revolution
ID: 3435
1690
ID: 3437
Baron de Lahontan's Dialogues with 'Adario' (1690s-1700s) - Fictional native critiques European society - 'We are born free and united brothers' - Real indigenous voice replaced by European ventriloquism
ID: 3437
1690
ID: 3436
October 17, 1690
St. Margaret Mary dies - Final vision - Christ: 'Come, My faithful spouse, come receive the crown which I have prepared for you from all eternity' - Sacred Heart devotion spreads despite suppression
ID: 3436
1691
ID: 3438
August Hermann Francke's Conversion Experience - Dramatic emotional crisis in Lüneburg - 'I fell upon my knees and cried to God for mercy...Then suddenly, as if a hand were laid upon me, all my doubt vanished' - Establishes model for required conversion experience
ID: 3438
1691
ID: 3439
Spener Becomes Provost in Berlin - Frederick III personally recruits him from Dresden - Pietism now has direct access to Prussian power center - Spener's private conventicles include high government officials
ID: 3439
1692
ID: 2305
Daniel Defoe imprisoned for bankruptcy - owes £17,000, writes Essay on Projects proposing bankruptcy reform while in Fleet Prison
ID: 2305
1692
ID: 5673
First Italian tomato sauce recipe published - in Antonio Latini's cookbook 'Lo Scalco alla Moderna', marks culinary acceptance
ID: 5673
1694
ID: 2234
Bank of England founded - joint-stock company managing national debt, merger of public and private law
ID: 2234
1694
ID: 3440
University of Halle Founded by Frederick III - Explicitly designed as Pietist institution - August Hermann Francke appointed professor - Becomes training ground for Prussian bureaucrats and pastors - Francke's principle: 'Der Wille muss gebrochen werden' (The will must be broken)
ID: 3440
1694
ID: 3441
Shroud of Turin - Duke Victor Amadeus II commissions new chapel - Blessed Sebastian Valfré has vision while praying before Shroud - Christ speaks: 'This burial cloth that wrapped Me will wrap the world'
ID: 3441
1695
ID: 3442
Francke Establishes Orphanage and Schools at Halle - Begins with 7 orphans in his parsonage - Develops into massive institutional complex - Creates pharmaceutical laboratory, printing press, global mission network
ID: 3442
1696
ID: 2235
Board of Trade established - regulating colonial commerce, developing imperial commercial law
ID: 2235
1696
ID: 5986
Peter the Great captures Azov from Ottomans - Russia's first naval victory, gains access to Black Sea
ID: 5986
1696
ID: 4953
September 27, 1696
Birth of St. Alphonsus Liguori near Naples - future Doctor of the Church and moral theologian
ID: 4953
1697
ID: 2236
Last execution for blasphemy in Scotland - Thomas Aikenhead hanged, showing waning of religious criminal law
ID: 2236
1697
ID: 2306
First bankruptcy commissioners' manual published in England - standardizing procedures for asset collection and distribution
ID: 2306
1697
ID: 5987
Peter the Great begins Grand Embassy to Europe - travels incognito to learn shipbuilding and Western technology
ID: 5987
1698
ID: 2237
London Stock Exchange informally begins at Jonathan's Coffee House - self-regulating market emerges
ID: 2237
1698
ID: 3443
Francke's Instructions for Halle Orphanage Staff Published - 'Love alone is not sufficient; there must be strict discipline' - 'Every quarter hour must be accounted for' - Daily report required on children showing Eigenwille (self-will)
ID: 3443
1698
ID: 4192
Dragon emerges from Lough Foyle - soldiers fire muskets at dragon coming ashore, creature returns to water (Irish military records)
ID: 4192