Events from the 1900s

business management leadership computing

1914 ID: 4281

IBM introduces first successful electric typewriter - adds motor to power type bars

ID: 4281

🏢 International Business Machines Corporation (IBM)

innovation typewriter electric

1914 ID: 4609

Felix Hausdorff publishes Grundzüge der Mengenlehre - systematic foundation of topology

ID: 4609

mathematics topology Hausdorff spaces separation

1914 ID: 5650

First laboratory-confirmed case of rabies in a skunk in California

ID: 5650

📍 California

disease public health California skunk rabies

California

1914 ID: 1228

July 1914

Lenin declares: 'To reject war in principle is un-Marxist... Who objectively stands to gain from the slogan Peace? In any case, not the revolutionary proletariat.'

ID: 1228

war revolution Marxism Lenin

1914 ID: 1224

August 20, 1914

Pope Saint Pius X dies - last entry before World War I

ID: 1224

death Catholic Pope Pius X

1914 ID: 1225

September 3, 1914

Pope Benedict XV elected one month after World War I begins, issues 'Ad Beatissimi Apostolorum' - 'Because of the love of Jesus that burns in our heart, we feel ourselves the father of all'

ID: 1225

Catholic Pope Benedict XV World War I

1915 ID: 397

Leopold Löwenheim proves Löwenheim theorem: if a first-order sentence has a model, it has a countable model

ID: 397

👤 Leopold Löwenheim

mathematics first-order logic model theory Löwenheim theorem

1915 ID: 1232

Dr. Harry Haiselden case - Chicago doctor publicly euthanizes defective newborns

ID: 1232

eugenics Chicago euthanasia Haiselden

1915 ID: 1233

German-Ottoman intelligence cooperation established; German officers lead Ottoman operations against British in Middle East

ID: 1233

Germany World War I Ottoman Empire intelligence

1915 ID: 1234

Einstein publishes General Theory of Relativity using Riemannian geometry - 'God does not play dice with the universe'

ID: 1234

physics relativity Einstein spacetime

1915 ID: 1235

Germany uses chlorine gas at Second Battle of Ypres - Fritz Haber oversees chemical weapons program

ID: 1235

World War I chemical weapons chlorine gas Fritz Haber

1915 ID: 4227

Watson becomes president of C-T-R, introduces 'THINK' motto and aggressive sales training programs

ID: 4227

👤 Thomas J. Watson Sr.

business management computing corporate culture

1915 ID: 4283

Suspension filing systems introduced - hanging folders on rails eliminate need for folder compression

ID: 4283

innovation filing suspension

1915 ID: 4290

QWERTY keyboard layout becomes universal standard despite more efficient alternatives - path dependency example

ID: 4290

standardization typewriter keyboard

1916 ID: 1236

Madison Grant publishes 'The Passing of the Great Race' - influences German thinking: 'The cross between any of the three European races and a Jew is a Jew.'

ID: 1236

eugenics antisemitism racism Madison Grant

1916 ID: 1237

Woodrow Wilson: 'We want one class to have a liberal education. We want another class... to forgo the privilege of a liberal education'

ID: 1237

education class system Woodrow Wilson elitism

1916 ID: 1238

Emmy Noether proves Noether's theorem connecting symmetries to conservation laws - 'One of the most important mathematical theorems ever proved'

ID: 1238

mathematics physics Noether's theorem Emmy Noether

1916 ID: 1239

Germany begins producing synthetic rubber due to Allied blockades, accelerating polymer science

ID: 1239

Germany chemistry World War I synthetic rubber

1916 ID: 1240

Boston had 2 million rats causing $72 million annual damage

ID: 1240

Boston public health rats urban problems

1916 ID: 1241

New York Epidemic: 25% case fatality rate polio (vs <1% natural)

ID: 1241

mortality epidemic New York polio

1916 ID: 1243

FATIMA: Angel of Portugal appears to three children - Teaches prayer: 'My God, I believe, I adore, I hope, I love You'

ID: 1243

apparition Catholic Fatima Angel of Portugal

1916 ID: 2364

Uniform Limited Partnership Act - American standardization of limited partnership across states

ID: 2364

law standardization partnership limited partnership uniform law

1916 ID: 4282

U.S. government standardizes on 8.5 x 11 inch paper size for all departments - creates de facto American standard

ID: 4282

standardization filing paper

1916 ID: 4591

Planck's son Karl killed in World War I at Verdun - first of family tragedies

ID: 4591

👤 Max Planck

death tragedy Planck Verdun son WWI

1916 ID: 1242

December 1, 1916

Foucauld martyred by Senussi raiders - Dies clutching monstrance with Blessed Sacrament - Found with Sacred Heart and Holy Face images

ID: 1242

martyrdom Catholic Foucauld Blessed Sacrament

1917 ID: 1245

Hollywood film 'The Black Stork' released, starring Dr. Haiselden - 'Kill Defectives, Save the Nation'

ID: 1245

propaganda eugenics euthanasia film

1917 ID: 1246

The Education Trust - Rockefeller, Carnegie, Harvard, Stanford collaborate to impose 'the ideal of subordination'

ID: 1246

education Education Trust elite control subordination

1917 ID: 1247

Jewish student riots in NYC against Gary Plan destroyed reform Mayor John Purroy Mitchel's career

ID: 1247

education New York riots Gary Plan

1917 ID: 1248

Minnesota passed world's first law sealing adoption records forever

ID: 1248

adoption Minnesota sealed records privacy

1917 ID: 1249

Income tax becomes permanent in US to fund World War I - creates massive demand for tax accountants

ID: 1249

accounting taxation income tax World War I

1917 ID: 1250

Russian Revolution: Lenin's office featured kitsch ape statue on books including Origin of Species contemplating human skull

ID: 1250

atheism Lenin Russian Revolution Darwinism

1917 ID: 1251

Germany facilitates Lenin's return to Russia, funding Bolshevik Revolution to remove Russia from war

ID: 1251

Germany Lenin World War I Russian Revolution

1917 ID: 1252

Bolshevik Revolution begins; open war on religion commences - Of Moscow's 657 churches in 1917, only 46 still held services by mid-1970s

ID: 1252

anti-religion Russian Revolution Bolshevik church persecution

1917 ID: 1253

Masonic Bicentennial Celebrations in Rome - 200th anniversary of Grand Lodge of London with anti-Catholic demonstrations

ID: 1253

Rome Freemasonry anti-Catholic demonstrations

1917 ID: 1256

United States creates Chemical Warfare Service, spurring American chemical industry development

ID: 1256

United States World War I chemical weapons Chemical Warfare Service

1917 ID: 1257

Metropolitan Hospital study shows garlic 'proved to be the best' of 56 tuberculosis treatments

ID: 1257

medicine tuberculosis treatment garlic

1917 ID: 1258

Russian Revolution typhus epidemic begins: 25 million cases over next 4 years

ID: 1258

epidemic Russia disease typhus

1917 ID: 1259

Soviet Union implements Darwinian materialism; approximately 62 million died from genocide and government mass murder

ID: 1259

Darwinism Soviet Union genocide mass murder

1917 ID: 4280

William Henry Leffingwell publishes 'Scientific Office Management' - establishes office efficiency as discipline

ID: 4280

👤 William Henry Leffingwell

efficiency scientific management office

1917 ID: 4289

Fireproof metal filing cabinets become standard for important records after multiple office fires destroy paper records

ID: 4289

safety filing fireproof

1917 ID: 4592

Planck's daughter Grete dies in childbirth - second family tragedy within a year

ID: 4592

👤 Max Planck

death tragedy childbirth Planck daughter

1917 ID: 5595

DIN (Deutsches Institut für Normung) founded - German standardization revolutionizes precision manufacturing

ID: 5595

📍 Berlin

Germany engineering standards machining DIN

Berlin

1917 ID: 1260

May 13, 1917

OUR LADY OF FATIMA - First apparition to Lucia, Francisco, Jacinta - Six apparitions through October 13

ID: 1260

apparition Catholic Virgin Mary Fatima

1917 ID: 1261

July 13, 1917

Fatima: Vision of hell, Three Secrets revealed - 'Russia will spread her errors throughout the world'

ID: 1261

Catholic Russia Fatima Three Secrets

1917 ID: 1244

August 1, 1917

Pope Benedict XV issues peace proposal in 'Dès le Début' calling WWI 'useless slaughter'

ID: 1244

Catholic Pope Benedict XV World War I

1917 ID: 1254

October 1917

St. Maximilian Kolbe witnesses Masonic demonstrations in Rome - banners read: 'Satan must reign in the Vatican. The Pope will be his slave.'

ID: 1254

Rome Catholic Freemasonry Maximilian Kolbe

1917 ID: 1262

October 13, 1917

Fatima: Miracle of Sun witnessed by 70,000 - Solar disc dances, dries rain-soaked crowd

ID: 1262

supernatural Catholic Fatima Miracle of Sun

1917 ID: 1255

October 16, 1917

St. Maximilian Kolbe founds Militia Immaculatae in response to anti-Catholic Masonic demonstrations

ID: 1255

Catholic Freemasonry Maximilian Kolbe Militia Immaculatae

1918 ID: 1263

Alexander Inglis' Principles of Secondary Education reveals six functions of schooling for social control

ID: 1263

education social control Alexander Inglis schooling

1918 ID: 1264

Canadian federal Prohibition begins

ID: 1264

temperance Prohibition Canada alcohol

1918 ID: 1265

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk - Germany gains massive Eastern European territory before final collapse

ID: 1265

Germany Russia World War I Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

1918 ID: 1266

Spring: Open campaign of terror launched against all religions in Soviet Russia

ID: 1266

atheism terror Soviet Union religious persecution

1918 ID: 1267

Summer: 47 clergymen shot, drowned, or axed to death in Yekaterinburg diocese alone

ID: 1267

persecution Soviet Union clergy murder Yekaterinburg

1918 ID: 1268

Spanish flu pandemic begins (Firstenberg correlates with global expansion of radio technology during WWI)

ID: 1268

pandemic Spanish flu radio technology Firstenberg

1918 ID: 1269

St. Maximilian Kolbe ordained as priest, returns to newly independent Poland

ID: 1269

Poland Catholic Maximilian Kolbe ordination

1918 ID: 1270

Emmy Noether develops systematic ideal theory in ring theory - Foundation for modern abstract algebra

ID: 1270

mathematics algebra Emmy Noether ring theory

1918 ID: 1271

Hermann Staudinger proposes macromolecular theory of polymers, foundation for modern polymer science

ID: 1271

chemistry polymers Staudinger macromolecules

1918 ID: 1272

Soldier Elmer N. Olson sentenced to 15 years military prison for refusing vaccination

ID: 1272

military vaccination imprisonment refusal

1918 ID: 1273

Colloidal silver controls flu outbreak on ship during pandemic

ID: 1273

naval treatment Spanish flu colloidal silver

1918 ID: 4285

George Hossfeld sets typing speed record of 143 words per minute on Underwood typewriter

ID: 4285

speed record typewriter

1918 ID: 4593

Planck receives Nobel Prize in Physics - awarded for discovery of energy quanta

ID: 4593

👤 Max Planck

physics Planck recognition quantum Nobel Prize

1918 ID: 4601

Hardy and Ramanujan develop asymptotic formula for partition function - revolutionary use of complex analysis in number theory

ID: 4601

mathematics Ramanujan Hardy partition function asymptotic

1918 ID: 1274

September 20, 1918

St. Padre Pio receives stigmata - Wounds will bleed for 50 years - 'I need victims to save sinners'

ID: 1274

stigmata mysticism Catholic Padre Pio

1919 ID: 1275

Treaty of Versailles - sets stage for German resentment and strategic adaptation

ID: 1275

Germany peace World War I Treaty of Versailles

1919 ID: 1276

Dr. Charles Sheard dismisses anti-vaccination parents as 'a hygienic cult... ignorant and superstitious'

ID: 1276

vaccination opposition Dr. Charles Sheard dismissal

1919 ID: 1278

Spanish flu pandemic peaks and ends (Firstenberg correlates with end of WWI radio expansion)

ID: 1278

Spanish flu radio technology Firstenberg pandemic end

1919 ID: 1279

Wilhelm Reich first meets Freud, asks for tutorial on sexology

ID: 1279

psychology Wilhelm Reich Freud sexology

1919 ID: 1280

Arthur Eddington confirms Einstein's relativity during solar eclipse - Proves abstract mathematical geometry describes physical reality

ID: 1280

physics relativity Eddington eclipse

1919 ID: 1281

Poland typhus: 120,000 cases in July alone

ID: 1281

Poland epidemic disease typhus

1919 ID: 1282

Blessed Francisco and Jacinta die (1919-1920) - Offer everything for sinners and Holy Father

ID: 1282

Catholic Fatima Francisco Jacinta

1919 ID: 2365

German Bankruptcy Code reform - allows discharge without creditor consent, social view of bankruptcy

ID: 2365

law Germany bankruptcy discharge social policy

1919 ID: 4287

Underwood introduces first successful portable typewriter - weighs only 10 pounds

ID: 4287

🏢 Underwood Typewriter Company

innovation typewriter portable

1919 ID: 4594

Planck's daughter Emma dies in childbirth - twin sister of Grete, married to Grete's widower

ID: 4594

👤 Max Planck

death tragedy childbirth Planck daughter

1919 ID: 5596

German engineers perfect precision grinding machines (Schleifmaschinen) achieving surface finishes under 0.1 micron

ID: 5596

📍 Berlin

Germany machining precision grinding Schleifmaschine

Berlin

1919 ID: 5609

DIN standardizes metric threads - German thread cutting becomes global standard replacing various national systems

ID: 5609

📍 Berlin

Germany standardization DIN cutting thread

Berlin

1919 ID: 1277

December 25, 1919

Lenin orders execution of Christmas celebrants: 'those who do not show up for work because of Nikola are shot'

ID: 1277

Christmas execution Lenin Soviet Union

1920s (114 events)

1920 ID: 392

Hilbert proposes his program to prove consistency of mathematics using finitary methods

ID: 392

👤 David Hilbert

metamathematics consistency Hilbert program finitism

1920 ID: 398

Thoralf Skolem extends Löwenheim's theorem to what becomes Löwenheim-Skolem theorem

ID: 398

👤 Thoralf Skolem

mathematics first-order logic model theory Löwenheim-Skolem

1920 ID: 1284

George Bernard Shaw: 'You would not be allowed to be poor. You would be forcibly fed, clothed, lodged, taught, and employed'

ID: 1284

totalitarianism socialism George Bernard Shaw forced welfare

1920 ID: 1285

Henry Ford distributed 2 million free copies of The International Jew to libraries and schools

ID: 1285

propaganda antisemitism Henry Ford The International Jew

1920 ID: 1286

American Prohibition begins; Haganah formed in Palestine

ID: 1286

United States Prohibition Haganah Palestine

1920 ID: 1287

Rev. Harry Ward 'Already a convinced Communist... cooperating and collaborating with the Communist Party'

ID: 1287

infiltration communism Methodist Harry Ward

1920 ID: 1289

First commercial radio station (KDKA) begins broadcasting

ID: 1289

commercial radio broadcasting KDKA

1920 ID: 1290

Standard costing systems developed for mass production industries like automobiles

ID: 1290

accounting mass production standard costing Ford

1920 ID: 1291

First commercial radio broadcasts using mathematical signal processing - Fourier analysis enables mass communication

ID: 1291

communication Fourier analysis signal processing radio

1920 ID: 1292

Stefan Banach develops systematic functional analysis - Creates theory of Banach spaces and linear operators

ID: 1292

mathematics functional analysis Banach spaces Stefan Banach

1920 ID: 1293

Prohibition in United States inadvertently boosts chemical industry as companies pivot from alcohol to industrial chemicals

ID: 1293

Prohibition chemical industry industrial pivot unintended consequences

1920 ID: 1294

New York diphtheria outbreak: 2,773 cases, 274 deaths

ID: 1294

mortality New York outbreak diphtheria

1920 ID: 1295

250,000 US children die annually from poverty

ID: 1295

poverty statistics United States child mortality

1920 ID: 1296

Diphtheria toxoid introduced, followed by mortality spike

ID: 1296

vaccination diphtheria toxoid mortality spike

1920 ID: 1297

Amphetamines first synthesized in late 1920s; initially marketed as Benzedrine inhalers for nasal congestion

ID: 1297

pharmaceutical drugs amphetamines Benzedrine

1920 ID: 1298

American eugenics movement provides model for Nazi racial policies; Harry Laughlin's model sterilization law becomes basis for Nazi legislation

ID: 1298

eugenics sterilization Nazi Harry Laughlin

1920 ID: 1299

Rockefeller Foundation funds Kaiser Wilhelm Institute eugenics research in Germany

ID: 1299

Germany eugenics Rockefeller Foundation Kaiser Wilhelm Institute

1920 ID: 4228

C-T-R introduces printing tabulator to compete with Powers machines - can print results directly on paper

ID: 4228

printing innovation computing punch card

1920 ID: 4286

Color-coded filing systems become widespread - visual organization improves retrieval speed

ID: 4286

organization filing color coding

1920 ID: 4288

Over 500,000 women work as typists and stenographers in U.S. - typewriter enables women's entry into office work

ID: 4288

women typewriter office employment

1920 ID: 5570

Admiral Miklós Horthy becomes Regent of Kingdom of Hungary - kingdom without a king ruled by admiral without navy

ID: 5570

📍 Budapest

Hungary regency kingdom Horthy admiral

Budapest

1920 ID: 5599

VDI (Verein Deutscher Ingenieure) establishes machining research committees - systematic study of cutting forces and tool wear

ID: 5599

📍 Berlin

Germany engineering society machining VDI

Berlin

1920 ID: 5787

Prohibition destroys American cider tradition - FBI burns countless orchards, cider-making knowledge lost

ID: 5787

📍 New York

destruction prohibition apple orchards cider

New York

1920 ID: 5901

Heck brothers attempt to recreate aurochs - German zoologists breed cattle to resemble extinct aurochs, supported later by Nazis

ID: 5901

Nazi aurochs Heck cattle breeding back recreation

1920 ID: 1283

May 23, 1920

Pope Benedict XV issues 'Pacem Dei Munus Pulcherrimum' on peace and Christian reconciliation

ID: 1283

peace Catholic Pope Benedict XV

1920 ID: 5569

June 4, 1920

Treaty of Trianon - Hungary loses 72% of territory and 64% of population, 3.3 million Hungarians outside borders

ID: 5569

📍 Pannonia

treaty Hungary loss territory Trianon

Pannonia

1920 ID: 1288

October 1920

Lenin tells Russian Young Communist League: 'We do not believe in God... Our morality is entirely subordinated to the interests of the proletariat's class struggle.'

ID: 1288

atheism Lenin Soviet Union communist morality

1921 ID: 393

Emil Post introduces truth tables for propositional logic, providing decision procedure for propositional calculus

ID: 393

mathematics truth tables decision procedure propositional logic

1921 ID: 1300

Baur-Fischer-Lenz 'Foundation of Human Heredity and Race Hygiene' published - heavily cited American eugenic research

ID: 1300

Germany eugenics race hygiene American influence

1921 ID: 1301

Dr. Lucien Howe's Draft Law requires $14,000 bonds (equivalent to $130,000+ today) from 'unfit' couples

ID: 1301

eugenics discrimination marriage restriction financial barrier

1921 ID: 1302

Radio broadcasting expands rapidly across America and Europe

ID: 1302

technology radio broadcasting mass communication

1921 ID: 1303

Walter Benjamin purchases Paul Klee's Angelus Novus monoprint

ID: 1303

art Walter Benjamin Paul Klee Angelus Novus

1921 ID: 1304

Moscow church trials; 11 of 17 Orthodox officials ordered executed (1921-1922)

ID: 1304

Soviet Union religious persecution Orthodox Church executions

1921 ID: 4229

Hollerith retires from C-T-R board, ends active involvement in punch card industry he created

ID: 4229

👤 Herman Hollerith

business retirement computing punch card

1921 ID: 4608

Emmy Noether proves ascending chain condition - foundation of commutative algebra

ID: 4608

mathematics algebra Noether commutative ascending chain

1922 ID: 1307

Walter Lippmann (Public Opinion): Called for severe restrictions on public debate; public was 'hopelessly childish'

ID: 1307

propaganda elitism Walter Lippmann public opinion

1922 ID: 1308

Winston Churchill meets Lewis Rosenstiel on French Riviera

ID: 1308

meeting Rosenstiel Churchill French Riviera

1922 ID: 1309

Treaty of Rapallo - Secret German-Soviet military cooperation begins, circumventing Versailles restrictions

ID: 1309

Germany Soviet Union Treaty of Rapallo military cooperation

1922 ID: 1311

United Front Strategy adopted by communists, enabling them to 'greatly increase effectiveness of their infiltration activities'

ID: 1311

infiltration communism United Front strategy

1922 ID: 1312

Wilhelm Reich working as 'physician' for Freud's psychoanalytic clinic

ID: 1312

Wilhelm Reich Freud psychoanalysis clinic

1922 ID: 1313

Alexander Friedmann uses Einstein's equations to predict expanding universe - Mathematical analysis reveals universe is not static

ID: 1313

mathematics cosmology Friedmann expanding universe

1922 ID: 1314

Hermann Oberth publishes work on rocket fuels, connecting chemistry with aerospace materials

ID: 1314

chemistry rocketry Hermann Oberth aerospace

1922 ID: 1315

Britannica completely eliminates Creighton's vaccination critique

ID: 1315

vaccination censorship Britannica Creighton

1922 ID: 4602

Abraham Fraenkel and Thoralf Skolem complete ZFC axioms - standard foundation for modern mathematics

ID: 4602

mathematics axioms set theory ZFC Fraenkel

1922 ID: 1306

January 22, 1922

Pope Benedict XV dies

ID: 1306

death Catholic Pope Benedict XV

1922 ID: 1305

February 6, 1922

Pope Pius XI elected, issues 'Ubi Arcano Dei Consilio' (December 23, 1922) - 'Where, according to the hidden design of God'

ID: 1305

election Catholic Pope Pius XI

1922 ID: 1310

November 1922

Bolsheviks seize 828,275 pounds of silver, 1,220 pounds of gold, 35,670 diamonds from churches

ID: 1310

Soviet Union religious persecution church plunder Bolsheviks

1923 ID: 1316

Carl Brigham's A Study of American Intelligence concluded 'the intellectual superiority of our Nordic group over Alpine, Mediterranean and Negro groups has been demonstrated.'

ID: 1316

eugenics racism Carl Brigham intelligence testing

1923 ID: 1317

Bronfmans build first distillery near Montreal; Meyer Lansky buys Sam Bronfman boxing tickets

ID: 1317

Bronfman organized crime distillery Meyer Lansky

1923 ID: 1318

Munich Beer Hall Putsch - Early Nazi-Ukrainian nationalist connections established

ID: 1318

Ukraine Nazi Munich Putsch Hitler

1923 ID: 1319

Frankfurt School founded as Institute for Social Research at University of Frankfurt (also called Goethe University)

ID: 1319

Marxism Frankfurt School Critical Theory Institute for Social Research

1923 ID: 1320

Communist China implements Darwinian materialism; nearly 39 million Chinese murdered by communist government

ID: 1320

China communism Darwinism genocide

1923 ID: 1321

St. Thérèse declared patroness of missions - Never left cloister but converts millions - Roses fall worldwide at her intercession

ID: 1321

Catholic St. Thérèse patroness missions

1923 ID: 5600

German machine tool builders like DMG (Deutsche Maschinenfabrik) begin dominating precision milling machine market

ID: 5600

📍 Berlin

Germany machine tools DMG Deckel Maho

Berlin

1924 ID: 1322

Immigration Act of 1924 passed, based on Harry Laughlin's 'scientific' data; Italian quota slashed from 42,000 to 4,000 annually

ID: 1322

eugenics immigration Harry Laughlin quotas

1924 ID: 1323

Virginia's Racial Integrity Act passed - requires racial registration of all Virginians

ID: 1323

eugenics Virginia racial registration segregation

1924 ID: 1324

Hitler imprisoned - studies American eugenic research including Baur-Fischer-Lenz textbook

ID: 1324

eugenics American influence Hitler prison

1924 ID: 1325

Jules Stein founds Music Corporation of America (MCA)

ID: 1325

business MCA Jules Stein entertainment

1924 ID: 1326

Ben Gitlow runs as CPUSA vice-presidential candidate (first time)

ID: 1326

election communism CPUSA Ben Gitlow

1924 ID: 1327

Louis de Broglie proposes wave-particle duality using mathematical symmetry arguments

ID: 1327

mathematics quantum physics de Broglie wave-particle duality

1924 ID: 1328

Cellulose acetate film first produced commercially for photography and later safety film

ID: 1328

materials photography film cellulose acetate

1924 ID: 5605

AWF (Ausschuss für wirtschaftliche Fertigung) established - applies scientific management to German machining

ID: 5605

📍 Berlin

Germany efficiency machining AWF work study

Berlin

1924 ID: 4230

February 14, 1924

C-T-R renamed International Business Machines Corporation (IBM) under Watson's leadership

ID: 4230

👤 Thomas J. Watson Sr.

🏢 International Business Machines Corporation (IBM), Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company (C-T-R)

business IBM computing rebranding

1925 ID: 1330

IG Farben officially formed - merger of six German chemical companies becomes world's largest chemical corporation

ID: 1330

Germany chemical industry IG Farben merger

1925 ID: 1331

Denmark passes sterilization law

ID: 1331

law eugenics Denmark sterilization

1925 ID: 1332

Rev. Harry Ward's China work designed to 'bolster up the position of the Communist movement in China'

ID: 1332

China infiltration communism Harry Ward

1925 ID: 1333

Television technology demonstrated

ID: 1333

technology innovation broadcasting television

1925 ID: 1334

Fascist Suppression of Freemasonry - Mussolini dissolves Freemasonry in Italy entirely

ID: 1334

Italy Freemasonry Fascism Mussolini

1925 ID: 1335

Werner Heisenberg develops matrix mechanics form of quantum theory

ID: 1335

physics quantum mechanics Heisenberg matrix mechanics

1925 ID: 1336

Emil Artin develops systematic theory of algebraic numbers - Creates class field theory and reciprocity laws

ID: 1336

mathematics class field theory Emil Artin algebraic numbers

1925 ID: 1337

Stockholm infant mortality declines to 50 per 1,000

ID: 1337

statistics public health infant mortality Stockholm

1925 ID: 5608

German chemical industry develops synthetic cutting fluids - improved cooling and lubrication increases tool life 300%

ID: 5608

📍 Berlin

Germany chemistry machining coolant cutting fluid

Berlin

1925 ID: 4998

May 21, 1925

Pope Pius XI declares St. Peter Canisius Doctor of the Church - for saving Germany for the faith

ID: 4998

👤 St. Peter Canisius

📍 Rome

Pius XI Doctor of the Church Peter Canisius

Rome

1925 ID: 1338

December 10, 1925

Sister Lucia's vision at Pontevedra - Child Jesus and Our Lady appear - Five First Saturdays devotion revealed

ID: 1338

Catholic Fatima Sister Lucia First Saturdays

1925 ID: 1329

December 11, 1925

Pope Pius XI establishes feast of Christ the King with encyclical 'Quas Primas' - 'Christ must reign in our minds'

ID: 1329

Catholic encyclical Pius XI Christ the King

1926 ID: 1339

Erwin Schrödinger develops wave equation for quantum mechanics - Mathematical differential equation describes quantum systems

ID: 1339

physics quantum mechanics Schrödinger wave equation

1926 ID: 1340

Synthetic methanol first produced commercially on a large scale

ID: 1340

chemistry industrial methanol synthetic fuel

1926 ID: 1341

Supreme Court Justice Holmes: 'The principle that sustains compulsory vaccination is broad enough to cover cutting the Fallopian tubes' (Buck v. Bell)

ID: 1341

eugenics sterilization Buck v. Bell Supreme Court

1926 ID: 2366

English Bankruptcy Act - consolidates Victorian reforms, official receiver system mature, discharge liberalized

ID: 2366

📍 Westminster

law bankruptcy consolidation Official Receiver liberalization

Westminster

1926 ID: 4595

Planck retires from University of Berlin - succeeded by Erwin Schrödinger

ID: 4595

👤 Max Planck

succession Berlin Planck Schrödinger retirement

1926 ID: 5598

Krupp develops sintered tungsten carbide cutting tools - 'Widia' (Wie Diamant - like diamond) revolutionizes machining speeds

ID: 5598

📍 Berlin

Germany Krupp carbide cutting tools tungsten

Berlin

1926 ID: 4997

August 11, 1926

Pope Pius XI declares St. John of the Cross Doctor of the Church - 'Doctor of Mystical Theology'

ID: 4997

👤 St. John of the Cross

📍 Rome

Pius XI Doctor of the Church John of the Cross

Rome

1927 ID: 1342

First transatlantic telephone call via radio

ID: 1342

communication transatlantic telephone radio

1927 ID: 1343

Easter Sunday 1927 (age 15): Harry Hay leaves Catholic Church after priest confronts him about homosexual activity

ID: 1343

Catholic Church Harry Hay homosexuality departure

1927 ID: 1344

Heisenberg formulates uncertainty principle using mathematical analysis of quantum measurements

ID: 1344

mathematics quantum mechanics Heisenberg uncertainty principle

1927 ID: 1345

IG Farben establishes international cartel agreements with Standard Oil, DuPont, and Imperial Chemical Industries (1927-1929)

ID: 1345

IG Farben cartel Standard Oil DuPont

1927 ID: 4231

Powers Accounting Machine Company acquired by Remington Rand, creating major IBM competitor

ID: 4231

🏢 Powers Accounting Machine Company, Remington Rand

business competition acquisition computing

1927 ID: 4248

March 1927

James Rand Jr. merges Remington Typewriter with Rand Kardex and other firms to form Remington Rand - major office equipment company

ID: 4248

👤 James H. Rand Jr.

🏢 Remington Rand, Remington Typewriter Company, Rand Kardex Bureau

business merger typewriter

1927 ID: 1346

November 23, 1927

Blessed Miguel Pro martyred in Mexico - Refuses blindfold, extends arms as cross - 'Viva Cristo Rey!'

ID: 1346

martyrdom Catholic Miguel Pro Mexico

1928 ID: 394

Hilbert and Ackermann publish 'Grundzüge der theoretischen Logik', first modern textbook on mathematical logic

ID: 394

👤 David Hilbert

mathematics mathematical logic textbook Entscheidungsproblem

1928 ID: 1347

Edward Bernays' Propaganda: 'The conscious manipulation of organized habits and opinions of the masses is an important element in a democratic society.'

ID: 1347

propaganda manipulation Edward Bernays public relations

1928 ID: 1348

Distillers Corporation Limited merges with Seagram Company Limited

ID: 1348

business distilling merger Seagram

1928 ID: 1349

Ben Gitlow runs as CPUSA vice-presidential candidate (second time)

ID: 1349

election communism CPUSA Ben Gitlow

1928 ID: 1350

Wilhelm Reich joins Communist Party in Austria, founds Socialist Society for Sexual Consultation and Sexual Research in Vienna

ID: 1350

Austria Wilhelm Reich sexology Communist Party

1928 ID: 1351

Paul Dirac develops relativistic quantum mechanics using mathematical spinor theory - Predicts existence of antimatter

ID: 1351

quantum mechanics Paul Dirac antimatter spinors

1928 ID: 1352

Hermann Weyl develops systematic group representation theory - Creates mathematical framework for quantum mechanics symmetries

ID: 1352

mathematics group theory quantum mechanics Hermann Weyl

1928 ID: 1353

Alexander Fleming discovers penicillin, though large-scale production wouldn't begin until the 1940s

ID: 1353

discovery penicillin Alexander Fleming antibiotics

1928 ID: 1354

British Medical Journal: 'The fatality rate among vaccinated cases was just five times as great as among unvaccinated cases'

ID: 1354

statistics mortality vaccination British Medical Journal

1928 ID: 4232

IBM introduces 80-column punch card format, replacing 45-column cards - becomes industry standard for decades

ID: 4232

🏢 International Business Machines Corporation (IBM)

standardization IBM computing punch card

1928 ID: 4249

Remington Rand introduces 90-column punch card to compete with IBM's 80-column standard - not widely adopted

ID: 4249

innovation computing punch card

1928 ID: 5651

Peak year for skunk fur harvest, with over 2 million pelts traded in North America

ID: 5651

📍 New York

skunk fur trade peak harvest commercial hunting

New York

1929 ID: 395

Gödel proves completeness theorem for first-order logic in his doctoral dissertation

ID: 395

👤 Kurt Gödel

mathematics metamathematics first-order logic completeness theorem

1929 ID: 1355

Pope Pius XI signs Lateran Treaty with Mussolini, creating Vatican City State

ID: 1355

Pius XI Mussolini Vatican Lateran Treaty

1929 ID: 1356

Stock Market Crash begins Great Depression (Firstenberg suggests correlation with radio wave proliferation)

ID: 1356

Stock Market Crash Great Depression 1929 economic crisis

1929 ID: 1357

$520 million in gifts to Protestant churches (figure later used by CPUSA in infiltration planning)

ID: 1357

infiltration CPUSA Protestant churches donations

1929 ID: 1358

Wilhelm Reich visits USSR, lectures but eventually becomes too radical for Soviets

ID: 1358

communism Wilhelm Reich USSR radical

1929 ID: 1360

Edwin Hubble discovers expanding universe using mathematical analysis of redshift data

ID: 1360

astronomy expanding universe Edwin Hubble redshift

1929 ID: 1361

Cod liver oil reduces puerperal fever deaths by 66%

ID: 1361

mortality puerperal fever cod liver oil medical treatment

1929 ID: 1362

Dulles brothers draft BIS legal framework - Allen Dulles represents Wall Street interests in Basel negotiations

ID: 1362

BIS Dulles brothers international finance Basel

1929 ID: 5074

Coptic Manichaean codices discovered in Medinet Madi, Egypt - includes Kephalaia, Psalm-Book, and Homilies, revolutionizes understanding

ID: 5074

discovery Egypt Manichaeism Coptic

1929 ID: 5602

German engineers develop first quantitative surface roughness measurement standards and instruments

ID: 5602

📍 Berlin

Germany measurement machining surface finish roughness

Berlin

1929 ID: 1363

June 13, 1929

Lucia's vision at Tuy - Trinity and Our Lady appear - 'The moment has come for consecration of Russia'

ID: 1363

Catholic Fatima Sister Lucia Russia consecration

1929 ID: 1359

October 29, 1929

Stock Market Crash on 'Black Tuesday' - Many companies had provided misleading financial data to investors

ID: 1359

accounting Stock Market Crash Black Tuesday fraud

1929 ID: 4233

November 17, 1929

Herman Hollerith dies at age 69 - his punch card technology foundation for modern computing industry

ID: 4233

👤 Herman Hollerith

death legacy computing punch card

1930s (163 events)

1930 ID: 396

Gödel announces his incompleteness theorems at Königsberg conference, shocking the mathematical community

ID: 396

👤 David Hilbert, Kurt Gödel

mathematics incompleteness foundations crisis Königsberg

1930 ID: 399

Jacques Herbrand proves Herbrand's theorem, fundamental result connecting proof theory and model theory

ID: 399

👤 Jacques Herbrand

mathematics proof theory model theory Herbrand theorem

1930 ID: 413

Kazimierz Kuratowski characterizes planar graphs (Kuratowski's theorem)

ID: 413

👤 Kazimierz Kuratowski

mathematics graph theory planar graphs Kuratowski's theorem

1930 ID: 1365

Federal Bureau of Narcotics (FBN) established - consolidating previous bodies under Commissioner Harry Anslinger

ID: 1365

FBN Harry Anslinger narcotics law enforcement

1930 ID: 1366

Pope Pius XI's encyclical condemns eugenics

ID: 1366

condemnation Catholic eugenics Pius XI

1930 ID: 1367

John Watson promised: 'Give me a dozen healthy infants... and I'll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist'

ID: 1367

psychology behaviorism John Watson conditioning

1930 ID: 1368

144,102 local school boards (1 in 63 adults involved)

ID: 1368

education democracy school boards local control

1930 ID: 1369

Joseph S. Marcus's Bank of United States collapses in fraud scandal

ID: 1369

banking collapse fraud Joseph Marcus

1930 ID: 1370

American Institute of Accountants issues first accounting principles bulletin - Beginning systematic effort to create consistent accounting rules

ID: 1370

accounting standards regulation principles

1930 ID: 1371

Bank for International Settlements (BIS) established in Basel, Switzerland

ID: 1371

BIS international finance Basel central banking

1930 ID: 1372

BIS officially opens operations in Basel

ID: 1372

operations BIS international finance Basel

1930 ID: 1373

Hjalmar Schacht resigns as Reichsbank President after promoting BIS idea to Montagu Norman

ID: 1373

BIS Hjalmar Schacht Reichsbank resignation

1930 ID: 1374

Congressional Testimony: William Z. Foster states 'The workers... owe no allegiance to [capitalist flags]. The red flag is the flag of the revolutionary class.'

ID: 1374

revolution communism William Z. Foster testimony

1930 ID: 1375

Foster: 'Our party considers religion to be the opium of the people... we carry on propaganda for the liquidation of these prejudices'

ID: 1375

atheism communism anti-religion Foster

1930 ID: 1376

Shortwave radio broadcasting begins internationally

ID: 1376

radio broadcasting shortwave international

1930 ID: 1377

Wilhelm Reich publishes The Sexual Revolution in German

ID: 1377

publication German Wilhelm Reich Sexual Revolution

1930 ID: 1378

Frankfurt School relocates to United States as members (mostly Jews) flee Hitler's Final Solution

ID: 1378

United States Frankfurt School emigration Nazi persecution

1930 ID: 1379

Kurt Gödel proves incompleteness theorems - Mathematical proof that mathematical systems cannot prove their own consistency

ID: 1379

mathematics logic Gödel incompleteness theorems

1930 ID: 1380

Polystyrene first produced commercially by IG Farben

ID: 1380

commercial plastics IG Farben polystyrene

1930 ID: 1381

Wallace Carothers at DuPont begins research that leads to nylon development

ID: 1381

research DuPont nylon Wallace Carothers

1930 ID: 1382

Prestressed concrete first used commercially in buildings

ID: 1382

engineering construction prestressed concrete buildings

1930 ID: 1383

Schacht conducts extensive speaking tour in United States promoting German reparations reduction (1930-1931)

ID: 1383

Germany United States Hjalmar Schacht reparations

1930 ID: 1384

Sullivan & Cromwell maintains German cartel relationships - Dulles brothers facilitate Standard Oil-IG Farben partnerships

ID: 1384

IG Farben Dulles brothers Sullivan & Cromwell cartels

1930 ID: 1385

Virginia raids - Sheriffs conduct systematic sweeps in Brush Mountain region; Over 8,000 Virginians sterilized

ID: 1385

eugenics Virginia sterilization raids

1930 ID: 1386

People discovered stimulant effects by cracking open Benzedrine inhalers to access the drug

ID: 1386

amphetamines Benzedrine drug abuse stimulants

1930 ID: 1387

Blessed Maria Pierina De Micheli - Holy Face visions in Milan - Christ asks for Holy Face Medal to combat communism

ID: 1387

visions Catholic Holy Face Maria Pierina De Micheli

1930 ID: 4250

Remington Rand develops line of accounting machines and calculators to compete with IBM in business market

ID: 4250

innovation accounting computing

1930 ID: 5682

Hybrid corn revolutionizes agriculture - yields increase dramatically, U.S. production dominates world markets

ID: 5682

📍 New York

agriculture revolution maize corn hybrid

New York

1930 ID: 1364

December 31, 1930

Pope Pius XI issues 'Casti Connubii' on Christian marriage - 'The love of husband and wife... partakes of the eternal divine love'

ID: 1364

marriage Catholic Pius XI Casti Connubii

1931 ID: 369

Kurt Gödel publishes his Incompleteness Theorems, proving that any consistent formal system containing arithmetic is incomplete

ID: 369

👤 Kurt Gödel

📍 Vienna

mathematics foundation incompleteness metamathematics proof theory

Vienna

1931 ID: 1389

John Childs (Columbia Teachers College): '[We] reject completely the hypothesis of choice. We consider the traditional doctrine of free-will to be untenable'

ID: 1389

education John Childs determinism free will

1931 ID: 1390

Pope Pius XI: 'Religious socialism, Christian socialism, are contradictory terms; no one can be at the same time a good Catholic and a true socialist'

ID: 1390

condemnation Catholic socialism Pius XI

1931 ID: 1391

CPUSA surveys American churches, finding 50 million church members and significant wealth

ID: 1391

infiltration CPUSA churches survey

1931 ID: 4234

IBM introduces Type 600 series multiplying punch - first machine to perform multiplication automatically

ID: 4234

🏢 International Business Machines Corporation (IBM)

innovation calculation IBM computing

1931 ID: 4485

von Neumann provides rigorous mathematical foundations for quantum mechanics

ID: 4485

mathematics foundations quantum mechanics von Neumann

1931 ID: 4611

George David Birkhoff proves ergodic theorem - time average equals space average

ID: 4611

mathematics theorem statistical mechanics ergodic Birkhoff

1931 ID: 1392

February 22, 1931

DIVINE MERCY VISION TO ST. FAUSTINA - Jesus appears with red and white rays from heart - 'Paint an image according to what you see'

ID: 1392

vision Catholic Divine Mercy St. Faustina

1931 ID: 1388

May 15, 1931

Pope Pius XI issues 'Quadragesimo Anno' on 40th anniversary of Rerum Novarum

ID: 1388

Catholic Pius XI Quadragesimo Anno social teaching

1931 ID: 4999

September 20, 1931

Pope Pius XI declares St. Robert Bellarmine Doctor of the Church - defender of papal authority

ID: 4999

👤 St. Robert Bellarmine

📍 Rome

Pius XI Doctor of the Church Robert Bellarmine

Rome

1932 ID: 1393

Manning Johnson reports tactical change when Earl Browder announced: 'Our aim should be to draw the religious element into the movement before we convinced them to become atheists'

ID: 1393

infiltration communism Manning Johnson Earl Browder

1932 ID: 1395

Harry Hay engages in 'two or three affairs a day' - over 1,000 homosexual encounters per year (1932-1936)

ID: 1395

Harry Hay homosexuality promiscuity lifestyle

1932 ID: 1396

Revenue Act creates modern corporate tax structure with complex depreciation rules and tax planning strategies

ID: 1396

accounting taxation Revenue Act corporate tax

1932 ID: 1397

Carl Anderson discovers positron, confirming Dirac's mathematical prediction - Antimatter particle predicted by mathematical analysis

ID: 1397

physics antimatter positron Carl Anderson

1932 ID: 1398

Cod liver oil study shows 58% mortality reduction in measles cases

ID: 1398

mortality treatment cod liver oil measles

1932 ID: 1394

May 15, 1932

Stalin announces Five-Year Plan of Atheism with goal for May Day 1937: 'Not a single house of prayer shall remain in the USSR'

ID: 1394

atheism Soviet Union Stalin Five-Year Plan

1932 ID: 1399

November 29, 1932

Our Lady of Beauraing, Belgium begins - 33 apparitions to 5 children through January 3, 1933

ID: 1399

apparition Catholic Beauraing Belgium

1933 ID: 1400

Hitler comes to power in Germany

ID: 1400

power Germany Nazi Hitler

1933 ID: 1401

IG Farben executives meet secretly with Hitler, contribute 400,000 Reichsmarks to Nazi election campaign

ID: 1401

Hitler IG Farben Nazi funding corporate collaboration

1933 ID: 1402

IG Farben dismisses over 1,000 Jewish employees including Nobel laureate Fritz Haber

ID: 1402

antisemitism Fritz Haber dismissal IG Farben

1933 ID: 1403

Nazi Law for the Prevention of Defective Progeny - 400,000 Germans immediately targeted

ID: 1403

law eugenics sterilization Nazi

1933 ID: 1404

Nazi Hereditary Health Law passed, directly based on American eugenic sterilization models

ID: 1404

eugenics sterilization Nazi American influence

1933 ID: 1405

Max Mason (Rockefeller Foundation) announced comprehensive program for 'control of human behavior'

ID: 1405

eugenics Rockefeller Foundation Max Mason behavior control

1933 ID: 1406

Lewis Rosenstiel incorporates Schenley Distillers; American Prohibition ends

ID: 1406

Rosenstiel distilling Schenley Prohibition end

1933 ID: 1407

Hitler begins cultivating Islamic movements against British and French colonial empires

ID: 1407

Islam strategy Hitler anti-colonial

1933 ID: 1408

Schacht returns as Reichsbank President under Hitler

ID: 1408

economics Hitler Hjalmar Schacht Reichsbank

1933 ID: 1409

Walter Benjamin during 'satanic phase,' discerns 'satanic features' in Angelus Novus artwork

ID: 1409

satanic Walter Benjamin Angelus Novus interpretation

1933 ID: 1410

Securities Act passed by Congress - Requires companies selling stock to provide detailed registration statements with audited financial data

ID: 1410

accounting regulation Securities Act New Deal

1933 ID: 1411

Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI) is formed in Britain through multiple mergers

ID: 1411

Britain chemical industry merger ICI

1933 ID: 1412

Polyethylene first produced commercially by ICI (initially as a laboratory curiosity)

ID: 1412

commercial plastics ICI polyethylene

1933 ID: 1413

Dr. Madsen documents 'serious consequences following active immunization against whooping-cough'

ID: 1413

vaccination whooping cough Dr. Madsen adverse effects

1933 ID: 2367

U.S. Securities Act - disclosure requirements for public companies, response to 1929 crash

ID: 2367

law regulation corporation securities disclosure

1933 ID: 4235

IBM introduces Type 285 Printing Tabulator and Type 401 Alphabetical Accounting Machine

ID: 4235

🏢 International Business Machines Corporation (IBM)

innovation accounting IBM computing

1933 ID: 4486

Andrey Kolmogorov publishes axiomatic foundations of probability theory

ID: 4486

mathematics axioms probability Kolmogorov

1933 ID: 4596

Planck meets Hitler to protest Jewish scientist dismissals - Hitler flies into rage, Planck realizes futility

ID: 4596

👤 Max Planck

protest Planck Nazi Hitler Jewish scientists

1933 ID: 1414

January 15, 1933

Our Lady of Banneux, Belgium begins - 8 apparitions to Mariette Beco through March 2

ID: 1414

apparition Catholic Belgium Banneux

1934 ID: 400

Haskell Curry develops combinatory logic, providing alternative foundation to lambda calculus

ID: 400

👤 Haskell Curry

mathematics foundations combinatory logic computation

1934 ID: 1415

George Hunter White joins FBN - begins dual career that would epitomize intelligence-crime cooperation

ID: 1415

intelligence FBN George Hunter White crime

1934 ID: 1416

Josef Dejarnette (Virginia hospital superintendent): 'Hitler is beating us at our own game.'

ID: 1416

eugenics Virginia Hitler Josef Dejarnette

1934 ID: 1417

C.M. Goethe to E.S. Gosney: 'You will be interested to know that your work has played a powerful part in shaping the opinions of the group of intellectuals who are behind Hitler'

ID: 1417

eugenics American influence Hitler Goethe

1934 ID: 1418

Norway and Sweden pass sterilization laws

ID: 1418

Sweden eugenics sterilization Norway

1934 ID: 1419

Nazi Germany sterilizing 5,000+ per month, known as 'Hitlerschnitte' (Hitler's cut)

ID: 1419

eugenics sterilization Nazi mass sterilization

1934 ID: 1420

William Wirt testified to Congress about Roosevelt administration dinner party revealing plans for artificial prolonging of Depression

ID: 1420

William Wirt Congress Roosevelt Depression

1934 ID: 1421

Bronfman brothers charged with conspiracy to violate foreign nation's statutes

ID: 1421

Bronfman international conspiracy legal charges

1934 ID: 1422

Schacht becomes Hitler's Economics Minister, orchestrates German economic recovery through MEFO bills

ID: 1422

Hitler Hjalmar Schacht Economics Minister MEFO bills

1934 ID: 1423

Earl Browder states: 'Above all, we arm ourselves with the political weapons forged by the victorious Communist Party of the Soviet Union'

ID: 1423

communism Soviet Union CPUSA Earl Browder

1934 ID: 1425

Harry Hay joins Communist Party through Geer's influence

ID: 1425

Harry Hay Communist Party Will Geer recruitment

1934 ID: 1426

Securities Exchange Act creates Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) - Establishing federal oversight of accounting standards

ID: 1426

accounting regulation SEC Securities Exchange Act

1934 ID: 2368

Corporate bankruptcy reorganization in U.S. - Section 77B allows companies to restructure not just liquidate

ID: 2368

law bankruptcy reorganization corporate Chapter 11 predecessor

1934 ID: 4475

Friden introduces first automatic calculator - performs all four operations with single lever pull

ID: 4475

calculation operations Friden automatic

1934 ID: 1424

February 1934

Harry Hay meets Will Geer ('Grandpa Walton'), becomes lovers

ID: 1424

Harry Hay homosexuality Will Geer relationship

1935 ID: 372

Gerhard Gentzen introduces natural deduction and sequent calculus, revolutionizing proof theory

ID: 372

👤 Gerhard Gentzen

📍 Göttingen University

mathematics proof theory natural deduction sequent calculus

Göttingen University

1935 ID: 1427

Carnegie Institution Advisory Committee concludes: Eugenics 'is by generally accepted definition and understanding not a science'

ID: 1427

eugenics criticism Carnegie Institution scientific rejection

1935 ID: 1428

Bronfman brothers acquitted, settle with US Treasury for $3 million

ID: 1428

Bronfman acquittal settlement US Treasury

1935 ID: 1430

Browder declares: 'It is quite clear that the Communist Party is the enemy of religion. We Communists try to do the opposite of what we hold religion does'

ID: 1430

atheism communism anti-religion Earl Browder

1935 ID: 1431

Georgi Dimitrov states: 'Troy was inaccessible... until, with the aid of the Trojan horse, it managed to penetrate to the very heart of the enemy's camp.'

ID: 1431

infiltration strategy Georgi Dimitrov Trojan horse

1935 ID: 1432

First radar systems developed

ID: 1432

technology military innovation radar

1935 ID: 1433

Harry Hay serves as organist for Los Angeles Order of the Temple Orientis (Crowley's organization)

ID: 1433

occult Harry Hay OTO Aleister Crowley

1935 ID: 1434

Harry Hay works organizing migratory workers in San Joaquin Valley with Geer

ID: 1434

Harry Hay Will Geer labor organizing San Joaquin Valley

1935 ID: 1435

Harry Hay forms Hollywood Theatre Guild, active in Hollywood Film and Photo League

ID: 1435

Harry Hay Hollywood theatre communist front

1935 ID: 1436

'The Millenari' reports approximately 100 Communist students infiltrated seminaries and novitiates of Western Europe

ID: 1436

Catholic Church seminaries communist infiltration espionage

1935 ID: 1437

Alan Turing develops mathematical theory of computation - Creates mathematical framework for automatic calculation

ID: 1437

mathematics computation computer science Alan Turing

1935 ID: 1438

Whitney develops systematic differential topology - Creates theory of smooth manifolds and embeddings

ID: 1438

mathematics topology differential geometry Whitney

1935 ID: 1439

DuPont introduces nylon, the first fully synthetic fiber, revolutionizing textiles and materials science

ID: 1439

materials DuPont nylon synthetic fiber

1935 ID: 1440

Dr. Louis Dublin: 'All of the old menaces like typhoid, smallpox, measles, scarlet fever, whooping cough and diphtheria have become minor causes of death'

ID: 1440

mortality public health disease decline Louis Dublin

1935 ID: 1441

Dr. Cockburn treats 500+ measles cases during Depression - 'not a single one died'

ID: 1441

treatment measles Dr. Cockburn Depression era

1935 ID: 4236

IBM's punch card operation processes Social Security enrollment for 26 million Americans

ID: 4236

🏢 International Business Machines Corporation (IBM)

government IBM computing Social Security

1935 ID: 5597

German machining researcher Max Kronenberg publishes comprehensive chip formation mechanics, influencing Ernst and Merchant

ID: 5597

📍 Berlin

Germany machining chip theory Ernst Merchant

Berlin

1935 ID: 1429

February 15, 1935

Browder at Union Theological Seminary: 'We have preachers, preachers active in churches, who are members of the Communist Party'

ID: 1429

churches Earl Browder Union Theological Seminary communist infiltration

1936 ID: 370

Alonzo Church proves the undecidability of first-order logic (Church's Theorem) and develops lambda calculus

ID: 370

👤 Alonzo Church

📍 Princeton University

mathematics decidability lambda calculus computability

Princeton University

1936 ID: 371

Alan Turing publishes 'On Computable Numbers', introducing Turing machines and proving the halting problem is undecidable

ID: 371

👤 Alan Turing

mathematics decidability computability Turing machine

1936 ID: 401

Gentzen proves consistency of Peano arithmetic using transfinite induction up to ε₀

ID: 401

👤 Gerhard Gentzen

mathematics proof theory consistency proof ordinal analysis

1936 ID: 412

Dénes Kőnig publishes 'Theorie der endlichen und unendlichen Graphen', first comprehensive graph theory textbook

ID: 412

👤 Dénes Kőnig

mathematics systematic treatment textbook graph theory

1936 ID: 1442

Lew Wasserman joins MCA; Lucky Luciano convicted by Thomas Dewey

ID: 1442

organized crime MCA Lew Wasserman Lucky Luciano

1936 ID: 1443

IG Farben becomes key partner in Hermann Göring's Four Year Plan, integral to German rearmament

ID: 1443

IG Farben Four Year Plan Hermann Göring German rearmament

1936 ID: 1444

American Accounting Association founded to advance accounting education and research in universities

ID: 1444

education accounting AAA academic discipline

1936 ID: 1445

According to Albert Vassart's 1955 testimony, Moscow orders Communist Youth to enter seminaries and become priests

ID: 1445

Catholic Church seminaries communist infiltration Moscow

1936 ID: 1446

30,250 Catholic priests in United States (20,836 diocesan, 9,414 religious orders)

ID: 1446

statistics Catholic Church priests United States

1936 ID: 1447

23,579 students in Catholic seminaries

ID: 1447

statistics Catholic Church seminaries students

1936 ID: 1448

Turing proves undecidability of halting problem - Mathematical proof that some computational problems cannot be solved algorithmically

ID: 1448

computation Turing halting problem undecidability

1936 ID: 1449

White infiltrates Chinese gang Hip Sing Tong drug organization, establishing pattern of FBN-organized crime cooperation (1936-1938)

ID: 1449

organized crime FBN George Hunter White Hip Sing Tong

1936 ID: 1450

Little Brothers of Jesus founded on Foucauld's spirituality - Living contemplation among the poorest

ID: 1450

Catholic Holy Face Foucauld Little Brothers

1936 ID: 1451

Little Sisters of Jesus founded by Sr. Magdeleine - Follow Foucauld's way among Muslims, nomads, prisoners

ID: 1451

Catholic Foucauld Little Sisters Muslims

1936 ID: 1452

Spanish Civil War - 13 bishops, 4,000 priests martyred (1936-1939) - Martyrs die crying 'Viva Cristo Rey!'

ID: 1452

martyrdom persecution Catholic Church Spanish Civil War

1936 ID: 1453

St. Leopold Mandić spends 15 hours daily in confessional - 'I am crucified in the confessional'

ID: 1453

mysticism confession Catholic Leopold Mandić

1936 ID: 4237

IBM introduces Type 601 Multiplying Punch with relay-based calculation - 100 cards per minute

ID: 4237

🏢 International Business Machines Corporation (IBM)

innovation IBM computing relay

1936 ID: 4487

Alonzo Church independently develops lambda calculus for computability

ID: 4487

mathematics Church lambda calculus computation

1936 ID: 4582

Alonzo Church develops lambda calculus - foundation for functional programming

ID: 4582

Church foundations computation computing Lambda calculus

1936 ID: 4612

Alan Turing invents Turing machine - mathematical model of computation, defines algorithm

ID: 4612

mathematics computability Turing machine algorithm Turing

1937 ID: 411

George Pólya develops Pólya enumeration theorem for counting graphs under symmetry

ID: 411

👤 George Pólya

mathematics graph theory enumeration Pólya enumeration

1937 ID: 1456

Schacht increasingly conflicts with Hitler over excessive military spending

ID: 1456

conflict Hitler Hjalmar Schacht military spending

1937 ID: 1457

CPUSA confidential report reveals systematic Catholic infiltration in Holy Name Societies, Eucharistic League, Wisdom Magazine

ID: 1457

systematic CPUSA Catholic infiltration strategic posts

1937 ID: 1458

Dr. Jungeblut proves vitamin C prevents polio paralysis in monkeys

ID: 1458

polio medical research vitamin C Dr. Jungeblut

1937 ID: 4238

IBM collaborates with Howard Aiken on Harvard Mark I design, applying punch card technology to general computation

ID: 4238

🏢 International Business Machines Corporation (IBM)

collaboration Harvard IBM computing

1937 ID: 5606

German researchers establish optimal tool geometry relationships - rake angles, clearance angles for different materials

ID: 5606

📍 Berlin

Germany optimization cutting tool geometry rake angle

Berlin

1937 ID: 1454

March 14, 1937

Pope Pius XI condemns Nazi ideology in encyclical 'Mit brennender Sorge' - 'Whoever exalts race... distorts and perverts an order of the world planned and created by God'

ID: 1454

Catholic Pope Mit brennender Sorge Nazi condemnation

1937 ID: 1455

March 19, 1937

Pope Pius XI condemns atheistic communism in encyclical 'Divini Redemptoris' - 'Communism is intrinsically wrong'

ID: 1455

Catholic Pope communism Divini Redemptoris

1938 ID: 1459

Albert Hofmann synthesizes LSD at Sandoz Laboratories in Switzerland

ID: 1459

synthesis LSD Albert Hofmann Sandoz

1938 ID: 1460

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) first introduced in medical practice

ID: 1460

medical treatment ECT electroconvulsive therapy psychiatry

1938 ID: 1461

Anschluss with Austria demonstrates German strategy of 'legal' territorial expansion through political manipulation

ID: 1461

Germany Austria Anschluss territorial expansion

1938 ID: 1464

Fulton Sheen responds: 'We Catholics cannot join your United Front because we have found you out'

ID: 1464

Catholic opposition United Front Fulton Sheen

1938 ID: 1466

J.B. Matthews exposes United Front tactic as purely strategic

ID: 1466

exposure United Front J.B. Matthews communist tactics

1938 ID: 1467

SEC begins requiring independent audits for all public companies

ID: 1467

mandatory SEC auditing public companies

1938 ID: 1468

FM radio invented by Edwin Armstrong

ID: 1468

invention broadcasting FM radio Edwin Armstrong

1938 ID: 1470

Otto Hahn and Lise Meitner discover nuclear fission using mathematical mass-energy calculations

ID: 1470

nuclear fission Otto Hahn Lise Meitner E=mc²

1938 ID: 1471

DuPont introduces Teflon (polytetrafluoroethylene), creating a new class of fluoropolymers

ID: 1471

materials DuPont Teflon fluoropolymers

1938 ID: 1472

Nylon stockings first sold commercially by DuPont

ID: 1472

commercial DuPont nylon stockings textiles

1938 ID: 1473

Fiberglass insulation first produced commercially by Owens Corning

ID: 1473

materials fiberglass insulation Owens Corning

1938 ID: 1474

Dr. Okell's deathbed confession about vaccination propaganda and cover-ups

ID: 1474

vaccination propaganda Dr. Okell deathbed confession

1938 ID: 2369

Chandler Act reforms U.S. bankruptcy - creates Chapter X (corporate reorganization) and Chapter XI (arrangements)

ID: 2369

law bankruptcy reorganization Chandler Act chapters

1938 ID: 4476

Curt Herzstark designs Curta calculator - miniature mechanical calculator, perfected in concentration camp, produced 1948-1972

ID: 4476

👤 Curt Herzstark

calculation handheld mechanical Curta

1938 ID: 5601

Carl Zeiss develops first optical comparators and precision measuring instruments for machining quality control

ID: 5601

📍 Jena

Germany measurement Zeiss metrology coordinate

Jena

1938 ID: 5708

Nestlé launches Nescafé instant coffee - helps Brazil deal with coffee surplus, transforms coffee consumption

ID: 5708

📍 Turin

coffee Nestlé instant freeze-dried convenience

Turin

1938 ID: 5902

Hermann Goering releases Heck cattle in forests - Nazi attempt to recreate 'primeval German forest' with pseudo-aurochs

ID: 5902

aurochs Heck cattle Goering rewilding Nazi ecology

1938 ID: 1462

May 29, 1938

Browder's 4-hour speech extending 'hand of brotherly cooperation' to Catholics

ID: 1462

United Front CPUSA Earl Browder Catholics

1938 ID: 1463

June 1938

Browder publishes 'A Message to Catholics' with false claims about respecting religious beliefs

ID: 1463

propaganda CPUSA Earl Browder deception

1938 ID: 1465

September 1938

Dorothy Day's Catholic Worker: 'No true Catholic can be a member of the Communist Party'

ID: 1465

communism opposition Dorothy Day Catholic Worker

1938 ID: 1469

September 1938

Harry Hay marries Anita (Jewish) in Unitarian ceremony omitting 'God stuff'

ID: 1469

marriage Harry Hay Unitarian atheist

1938 ID: 1475

October 5, 1938

St. Faustina dies - 'Tell aching mankind to snuggle close to My merciful Heart'

ID: 1475

death Catholic Divine Mercy St. Faustina

1939 ID: 1478

Hitler dismisses Schacht as Reichsbank President

ID: 1478

dismissal Hitler Hjalmar Schacht Reichsbank

1939 ID: 1479

First evidence of Hoover's concern for Rosenstiel's criminal links

ID: 1479

investigation Rosenstiel Hoover criminal links

1939 ID: 1480

WWII begins; IG Farben converts entirely to military chemical production

ID: 1480

IG Farben World War II military production chemicals

1939 ID: 1481

St. Maximilian Kolbe: 'Atheistic Communism seems to rage ever more wildly. Its origin can easily be located in that criminal mafia that calls itself Freemasonry'

ID: 1481

Catholic Freemasonry communism Maximilian Kolbe

1939 ID: 1482

Harry Hay in New York studying advanced Marxist theory (1939-1942)

ID: 1482

New York Harry Hay Marxist theory Hollywood Ten

1939 ID: 1483

Nicolas Bourbaki begins systematic reconstruction of mathematics

ID: 1483

mathematics foundations Bourbaki unified approach

1939 ID: 1484

Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann discover nuclear fission, opening nuclear chemistry frontiers

ID: 1484

discovery nuclear fission Otto Hahn Fritz Strassmann

1939 ID: 1485

Polyethylene begins large-scale commercial production for electrical insulation

ID: 1485

materials polyethylene commercial production electrical insulation

1939 ID: 1486

World War II - Materialism's ultimate fruit (1939-1945)

ID: 1486

materialism genocide World War II ideology

1939 ID: 1487

Rudolf Hoess (Auschwitz Commandant): 'I commanded Auschwitz... estimate at least 2,500,000 victims were executed'

ID: 1487

testimony Holocaust Rudolf Hoess Auschwitz

1939 ID: 1488

WWII: Massive expansion of radar technology and military radio systems

ID: 1488

radio radar World War II military technology

1939 ID: 4477

George Stibitz builds Complex Number Calculator at Bell Labs - first electric digital calculator using telephone relays

ID: 4477

🏢 Bell Telephone Laboratories

calculation Bell Labs relay Complex Number

1939 ID: 4613

Leonid Kantorovich develops linear programming - mathematical optimization for resource allocation

ID: 4613

mathematics optimization linear programming Kantorovich

1939 ID: 1476

February 10, 1939

Pope Pius XI dies

ID: 1476

death Catholic Pope Pius XI

1939 ID: 1477

March 2, 1939

Pope Pius XII elected on eve of World War II

ID: 1477

election Catholic Pope Pius XII

1940s (185 events)

1940 ID: 402

Curry and Robert Feys begin developing the Curry-Howard correspondence between proofs and programs

ID: 402

👤 Haskell Curry

mathematics type theory Curry-Howard proofs as programs

1940 ID: 1489

Walter Funk presents 'European Economic Community' plan - detailed blueprint for German-dominated European integration

ID: 1489

Walter Funk European Economic Community German domination blueprint

1940 ID: 1490

Schacht removed from all German government positions

ID: 1490

removal Hjalmar Schacht German government positions

1940 ID: 1491

IG Farben expands into occupied territories, begins Auschwitz factory planning

ID: 1491

expansion IG Farben Auschwitz occupied territories

1940 ID: 1492

Meyer Lansky allegedly obtains compromising photos of J. Edgar Hoover

ID: 1492

Meyer Lansky J. Edgar Hoover blackmail compromising photos

1940 ID: 1493

American Peace Mobilization (communist front) formed to keep America out of WWII while Hitler-Stalin were allies

ID: 1493

communist front American Peace Mobilization WWII Hitler-Stalin

1940 ID: 1495

Committee on Accounting Procedure established to create generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP)

ID: 1495

accounting standards GAAP Committee on Accounting Procedure

1940 ID: 1496

Claude Shannon develops mathematical information theory

ID: 1496

mathematics communication Claude Shannon information theory

1940 ID: 1497

André Weil develops systematic foundations of algebraic geometry

ID: 1497

mathematics foundations algebraic geometry André Weil

1940 ID: 1498

German scientists develop synthetic rubber (Buna) on a large scale due to wartime shortages

ID: 1498

Germany synthetic rubber Buna wartime

1940 ID: 1499

White works simultaneously for OSS during WWII while maintaining FBN position (1940s)

ID: 1499

FBN George Hunter White OSS dual role

1940 ID: 1500

Both Allied and Axis forces distributed millions of amphetamine pills to soldiers

ID: 1500

military amphetamines combat performance enhancement

1940 ID: 1501

Blessed Franz Jägerstätter refuses Nazi service - 'I cannot serve both Christ and Hitler' - Beheaded 1943

ID: 1501

martyrdom Catholic Franz Jägerstätter Nazi resistance

1940 ID: 4239

U.S. Census uses IBM equipment exclusively - processes 58 million punch cards for population data

ID: 4239

🏢 International Business Machines Corporation (IBM)

government census IBM computing

1940 ID: 5610

German researchers identify regenerative chatter in machining - develop mathematical models for vibration control

ID: 5610

📍 Berlin

Germany machining vibration chatter damping

Berlin

1940 ID: 3771

April 9, 1940

Germany invades Denmark - occupation in single day, government initially remains but cooperates with Nazis

ID: 3771

Germany invasion Denmark World War II occupation

1940 ID: 1494

September 1940

Walter Benjamin commits suicide in Catalonia, Spain after fleeing Nazis

ID: 1494

Walter Benjamin suicide Nazis Catalonia

1941 ID: 1502

Operation Barbarossa launches with Ukrainian nationalist cooperation

ID: 1502

invasion Ukraine Operation Barbarossa nationalist cooperation

1941 ID: 1503

Grand Mufti of Jerusalem meets Hitler, agrees to Islamic-Nazi cooperation against Jews and British

ID: 1503

antisemitism Hitler Grand Mufti Islamic-Nazi cooperation

1941 ID: 1504

Institute of Internal Auditors officially founded to professionalize internal auditing practices

ID: 1504

founding Institute of Internal Auditors professional organization internal auditing

1941 ID: 1505

IG Farben establishes Auschwitz III-Monowitz 'Buna-Werke' synthetic rubber factory using 83,000+ concentration camp inmates

ID: 1505

IG Farben Auschwitz Buna-Werke slave labor

1941 ID: 1507

Commercial television broadcasting begins in earnest

ID: 1507

technology television commercial broadcasting media

1941 ID: 1508

The first large-scale penicillin production begins in Britain and the United States

ID: 1508

mass production United States Britain penicillin

1941 ID: 1509

Polyester resin first produced commercially for aircraft applications

ID: 1509

materials commercial production polyester resin aircraft

1941 ID: 4291

May 1941

Konrad Zuse completes Z3 in Berlin - world's first working programmable, automatic digital computer

ID: 4291

👤 Konrad Zuse

Germany computing Z3 first computer

1941 ID: 1506

June 1941

After Hitler invades USSR, American Peace Mobilization becomes pro-war

ID: 1506

American Peace Mobilization pro-war Hitler invades USSR policy reversal

1941 ID: 1510

August 14, 1941

St. Maximilian Kolbe at Auschwitz - Volunteers to die for family man - Killed by injection August 14

ID: 1510

martyrdom Catholic Maximilian Kolbe Auschwitz

1942 ID: 1511

Normandie fire sparks Operation Underworld; William Casey joins Board of Economic Warfare

ID: 1511

organized crime Normandie fire Operation Underworld William Casey

1942 ID: 1512

Japanese occupy Philippines; Golden Lily headquarters established for Southeast Asian gold looting

ID: 1512

Golden Lily Philippines Japanese occupation gold looting

1942 ID: 1513

Golden Lily operations begin: Systematic looting of Philippine banks, Chinese community, Catholic churches

ID: 1513

Golden Lily looting Catholic churches gold confiscation

1942 ID: 1514

Golden Lily teams deployed to Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore; 175 treasure sites prepared across Philippines

ID: 1514

Golden Lily regional expansion treasure sites Southeast Asia

1942 ID: 1515

IG Farben produces 90% of German military explosives, 60% of synthetic gasoline

ID: 1515

explosives IG Farben military production synthetic gasoline

1942 ID: 1516

IG Farben doctors conduct medical experiments on Auschwitz prisoners

ID: 1516

IG Farben Auschwitz medical experiments war crimes

1942 ID: 1517

Battle of Los Angeles - 1,400 anti-aircraft rounds fired at unidentified objects; Japan had no aircraft in area

ID: 1517

Battle of Los Angeles UFO anti-aircraft unexplained

1942 ID: 1518

Enrico Fermi achieves first controlled nuclear chain reaction

ID: 1518

physics Enrico Fermi nuclear chain reaction Manhattan Project

1942 ID: 1519

The Manhattan Project drives advances in nuclear chemistry and plutonium production

ID: 1519

Manhattan Project nuclear chemistry plutonium radiation

1942 ID: 1520

WWII military testing showed 96% literacy rate among inductees (1942-1944)

ID: 1520

education literacy WWII military testing

1942 ID: 1521

Allen Dulles coordinates OSS operations from Switzerland using BIS connections (1942-1945)

ID: 1521

BIS OSS Allen Dulles Switzerland

1942 ID: 1522

St. Teresa Benedicta (Edith Stein) to Auschwitz - Jewish philosopher become Carmelite - Dies in gas chamber

ID: 1522

martyrdom Catholic Auschwitz Edith Stein

1942 ID: 4251

Remington Rand produces fire control equipment and other military devices during World War II

ID: 4251

military World War II computing

1942 ID: 4292

Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC) completed at Iowa State - first electronic digital computer but not programmable

ID: 4292

👤 John Atanasoff, Clifford Berry

ABC electronic computing digital

1942 ID: 4488

Samuel Eilenberg and Saunders Mac Lane introduce category theory

ID: 4488

mathematics category theory Eilenberg Mac Lane

1942 ID: 5652

Disney's 'Bambi' film released, featuring Flower the skunk as beloved character

ID: 5652

📍 Burbank

🏢 Walt Disney Productions

skunk Disney Bambi Flower animation popular culture

Burbank

1942 ID: 5633

April 9, 1942

Fall of Bataan - largest surrender in American and Filipino military history, followed by the Bataan Death March

ID: 5633

📍 New York, Philippines, Bataan, Japan

Japan surrender USA World War II Philippines Bataan

New York

Philippines

Bataan

Japan

1942 ID: 5634

May 6, 1942

Fall of Corregidor - Japanese forces capture the island fortress, completing conquest of the Philippines

ID: 5634

📍 Philippines, Manila, Corregidor, Japan

Japan surrender USA World War II Philippines Corregidor

Philippines

Manila

Corregidor

Japan

1943 ID: 1525

Harry Laughlin dies during epileptic seizure (ironic given his campaign against epileptics)

ID: 1525

death eugenics Harry Laughlin epilepsy

1943 ID: 1526

Dr. Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer establishes 'Zwillingslager' (twins camp) at Auschwitz

ID: 1526

Auschwitz Otmar von Verschuer Zwillingslager twins experiments

1943 ID: 1527

Hofmann discovers psychoactive properties of LSD

ID: 1527

discovery LSD Albert Hofmann psychoactive properties

1943 ID: 1528

13th Waffen Mountain Division 'Handschar' formed - Muslim SS unit

ID: 1528

Waffen SS Handschar Muslim SS division

1943 ID: 1529

14th Waffen Grenadier Division 'Galicia' formed from Ukrainian volunteers

ID: 1529

Waffen SS division Galicia Ukrainian volunteers

1943 ID: 1530

Peak Golden Lily burial operations - Major tunnel complexes in Luzon, POW labor executed for secrecy

ID: 1530

Golden Lily peak operations tunnel complexes POW labor

1943 ID: 1531

IG Farben employs 177,000 foreign workers and prisoners across 93 countries

ID: 1531

IG Farben slave labor foreign workers prisoners

1943 ID: 1532

California Senate classifies ACLU as 'communist front' - 'at least 90 percent of its efforts expended on behalf of communists'

ID: 1532

classification communist front ACLU California Senate

1943 ID: 1533

ENIAC computer project begins using mathematical logic for automated calculation

ID: 1533

Turing ENIAC computer automated calculation

1943 ID: 1534

Silicones first produced commercially by Corning and General Electric

ID: 1534

commercial production silicones Corning General Electric

1943 ID: 1535

Synthetic rubber (styrene-butadiene) begins large-scale commercial production in United States

ID: 1535

United States synthetic rubber styrene-butadiene production

1943 ID: 1536

Typhoid fever deaths: 0.5 per 100,000 (98% decline from 1900)

ID: 1536

statistics public health typhoid fever mortality decline

1943 ID: 1537

Anderson study: Polio 2.5x more prevalent in tonsillectomized children

ID: 1537

correlation tonsillectomy polio Anderson study

1943 ID: 4240

IBM dedicates all production to Allied war effort - punch card machines used for military logistics and calculations

ID: 4240

🏢 International Business Machines Corporation (IBM)

military World War II IBM computing

1943 ID: 1523

June 29, 1943

Pope Pius XII issues encyclical 'Mystici Corporis' on Church as Body of Christ

ID: 1523

Catholic Pope Mystici Corporis Church doctrine

1943 ID: 1524

September 30, 1943

Pope Pius XII issues 'Divino Afflante Spiritu' on biblical studies

ID: 1524

Catholic Pope Divino Afflante Spiritu biblical studies

1943 ID: 3772

October 1943

Danish rescue of Jews - population helps 7,200 Jews escape to Sweden, unique in Nazi-occupied Europe

ID: 3772

Jews Sweden resistance Denmark rescue

1943 ID: 4293

December 1943

Tommy Flowers completes Colossus Mark I at Bletchley Park - first programmable electronic computer for codebreaking

ID: 4293

👤 Tommy Flowers

cryptography World War II computing Colossus

1944 ID: 1538

Combined Intelligence Objectives Subcommittee (CIOS) formed to gather German scientific intelligence

ID: 1538

CIOS German science intelligence gathering Allied

1944 ID: 1539

Nazi experiments with ECT begin at Auschwitz

ID: 1539

ECT Auschwitz Nazi experiments medical crimes

1944 ID: 1540

Stepan Bandera's OUN-B collaborates in Holocaust implementation while fighting Soviets

ID: 1540

collaboration Holocaust Stepan Bandera OUN-B

1944 ID: 1541

Accelerated Golden Lily operations as war turns - General Yamashita ordered to hide all remaining treasure

ID: 1541

Golden Lily accelerated operations Allied advance Yamashita

1944 ID: 1542

Bretton Woods Conference votes to liquidate BIS; Dulles brothers work to preserve institution

ID: 1542

BIS Dulles brothers Bretton Woods liquidation attempt

1944 ID: 1543

Failed Hitler assassination plot; Schacht arrested and sent to concentration camps

ID: 1543

Hitler assassination plot failure Schacht arrest concentration camp

1944 ID: 1544

Final Golden Lily activities - Last major burial at Teresa site in Rizal Province

ID: 1544

Golden Lily final activities Teresa site Prince Takeda

1944 ID: 1545

John von Neumann develops mathematical game theory

ID: 1545

mathematics game theory John von Neumann strategic decisions

1944 ID: 1546

Large-scale DDT production begins for military use against insects

ID: 1546

DDT large-scale production military use insects

1944 ID: 5571

Germany occupies Hungary, Arrow Cross regime deports 437,000 Jews to Auschwitz in 56 days

ID: 5571

📍 Budapest

Jews Holocaust deportation Hungary Arrow Cross

Budapest

1944 ID: 4241

August 1944

IBM completes Harvard Mark I (ASCC) - 51 feet long, uses punch cards for input, bridges mechanical and electronic computing

ID: 4241

🏢 International Business Machines Corporation (IBM)

innovation IBM computing Harvard Mark I

1944 ID: 5635

October 1944

General Douglas MacArthur returns to the Philippines at Leyte, fulfilling his promise 'I shall return'

ID: 5635

📍 New York, Philippines, Japan

USA World War II Philippines liberation MacArthur

New York

Philippines

Japan

1945 ID: 1547

T-Force (Special Sections Subdivision) established by Allied command

ID: 1547

T-Force Allied command Special Sections scientific intelligence

1945 ID: 1548

Manila liberation - Golden Lily headquarters overrun by Allied forces

ID: 1548

Golden Lily Manila liberation headquarters Allied forces

1945 ID: 1549

Discovery of 'Osenberg List' at Bonn University cataloging prominent Nazi scientists

ID: 1549

discovery Osenberg List Nazi scientists Bonn University

1945 ID: 1550

Hitler's last will and testament calls for continuation of struggle 'by other means'

ID: 1550

Hitler last will struggle continuation other means

1945 ID: 1551

Allied forces capture IG Farben facilities; Operation Paperclip targets IG Farben scientists

ID: 1551

capture IG Farben Operation Paperclip scientists

1945 ID: 1552

Official German surrender - but systematic preservation of Nazi networks begins immediately

ID: 1552

systematic German surrender Nazi networks preservation

1945 ID: 1553

British forces arrest over 90,000+ Germans in British occupation zone

ID: 1553

British forces arrests Germans occupation zone

1945 ID: 1554

Allied Golden Lily recovery efforts - OSS teams search using captured Japanese maps

ID: 1554

Golden Lily treasure sites OSS recovery Santa Romana

1945 ID: 1555

Joint Chiefs establish Operation Overcast; Potsdam Conference - planning to use German assets against Soviets

ID: 1555

Operation Overcast Paperclip precursor Joint Chiefs Potsdam

1945 ID: 1556

President Truman formally orders execution of Operation Paperclip

ID: 1556

execution Operation Paperclip Truman formal order

1945 ID: 1557

First German scientists including Wernher von Braun arrive in US; JIOA established

ID: 1557

Operation Paperclip Wernher von Braun German scientists JIOA

1945 ID: 1558

Operation Overcast renamed to Operation Paperclip

ID: 1558

Operation Paperclip renamed Overcast designation

1945 ID: 1559

Project SHAMROCK begins (1945-1975) - NSA/CIA collect telegraphic data with communication companies

ID: 1559

Project SHAMROCK NSA CIA telegraphic surveillance

1945 ID: 1560

UKUSA Agreement signed - Foundation for Five Eyes intelligence cooperation

ID: 1560

founding UKUSA Agreement Five Eyes intelligence cooperation

1945 ID: 1561

Schacht liberated from Dachau by Allied forces

ID: 1561

Hjalmar Schacht Allied forces liberation Dachau

1945 ID: 1562

Allied Control Council orders IG Farben dissolution

ID: 1562

IG Farben dissolution order Allied Control Council directive

1945 ID: 1564

Wilhelm Reich's The Sexual Revolution published in English

ID: 1564

Wilhelm Reich Sexual Revolution English publication book

1945 ID: 1565

Manhattan Project uses mathematical modeling to design atomic weapons

ID: 1565

Manhattan Project atomic weapons mathematical modeling nuclear

1945 ID: 1566

Samuel Eilenberg develops systematic algebraic topology

ID: 1566

mathematics algebraic topology Samuel Eilenberg homological algebra category theory

1945 ID: 1567

The atomic bomb demonstrates the power of nuclear materials and chemistry

ID: 1567

demonstration chemistry atomic bomb nuclear materials

1945 ID: 1568

Fluorocarbon refrigerants (Freon) enter widespread commercial use

ID: 1568

Freon fluorocarbon refrigerants commercial use widespread

1945 ID: 4572

Samuel Eilenberg and Saunders Mac Lane introduce category theory - new foundation for mathematics

ID: 4572

mathematics foundations category theory Eilenberg Mac Lane

1945 ID: 4583

Von Neumann architecture described - stored program concept revolutionizes computing

ID: 4583

architecture design computing stored program von Neumann

1945 ID: 4597

January 1945

Planck's son Erwin executed by Nazis - implicated in July 20 plot against Hitler, Planck's last son

ID: 4597

👤 Max Planck

execution tragedy Planck Nazi son July 20 plot

1945 ID: 5653

January 6, 1945

Warner Bros. introduces Pepé Le Pew in 'Odor-able Kitty' cartoon

ID: 5653

📍 Burbank

🏢 Warner Bros.

skunk animation popular culture Pepé Le Pew Warner Bros

Burbank

1945 ID: 4598

February 1945

Planck's home destroyed in Allied bombing - loses library and correspondence, age 86

ID: 4598

👤 Max Planck

destruction Planck WWII bombing home

1945 ID: 1563

May 1945

Patriarch Alexej statement: 'I am moved by your esteem for our Red Army and our beloved leader, Joseph Stalin'

ID: 1563

Stalin Patriarch Alexej Red Army statement

1945 ID: 4294

June 1945

Von Neumann writes 'First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC' - defines stored-program computer architecture

ID: 4294

👤 John von Neumann

architecture computing stored program EDVAC

1945 ID: 1569

June 19, 1945

Twin boys D.M. and G.M. (10 months) both die June 19 after second DTP injection

ID: 1569

death vaccine tragedy DTP twin boys

1946 ID: 1570

Frederick Osborn (AES President): 'Before 1930, eugenics had a racial and social class bias... not based on any scientific foundation'

ID: 1570

eugenics Frederick Osborn AES racial bias

1946 ID: 1571

Paul Popenoe to Verschuer: 'It was indeed a pleasure to hear from you again. I have been very anxious about my colleagues in Germany'

ID: 1571

correspondence eugenics Paul Popenoe Verschuer

1946 ID: 1572

Lucky Luciano deported to Italy; OSS dissolved; Control Data Corporation origins

ID: 1572

Lucky Luciano deportation OSS dissolved Control Data

1946 ID: 1573

Reinhard Gehlen negotiates with US intelligence - his Nazi network becomes foundation of CIA operations

ID: 1573

Nazi networks Reinhard Gehlen US intelligence CIA foundation

1946 ID: 1574

Bruce Edwards Ivins born

ID: 1574

birth biography Bruce Edwards Ivins anthrax suspect

1946 ID: 1575

President Truman officially approves expanded Operation Paperclip for 1,000 German scientists

ID: 1575

expansion Operation Paperclip German scientists Truman approval

1946 ID: 1576

First media reports reveal Operation Paperclip's existence

ID: 1576

public exposure Operation Paperclip media reports

1946 ID: 1578

ENIAC computer demonstrates high-frequency electronics

ID: 1578

demonstration ENIAC computer high-frequency electronics

1946 ID: 1579

Medical literature reports vaccine deaths with detailed autopsy findings

ID: 1579

documentation vaccine deaths medical literature autopsy findings

1946 ID: 4242

IBM introduces Type 602-A Calculating Punch and 603 Electronic Multiplier - first IBM products with vacuum tubes

ID: 4242

🏢 International Business Machines Corporation (IBM)

electronics IBM computing vacuum tubes

1946 ID: 4254

EMCC receives contract from U.S. Census Bureau for UNIVAC I - first computer designed for business use

ID: 4254

contract computing UNIVAC Census

🏢 Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation

1946 ID: 4295

Alan Turing proposes Automatic Computing Engine (ACE) design at National Physical Laboratory

ID: 4295

👤 Alan Turing

design computing ACE NPL

1946 ID: 4296

Engineering Research Associates founded by Navy cryptographers and William Norris - builds computers for military

ID: 4296

👤 William Norris

🏢 Engineering Research Associates (ERA)

founding computing ERA Navy

1946 ID: 4573

Jean Leray develops sheaf theory in POW camp - revolutionizes algebraic topology

ID: 4573

mathematics topology sheaves Leray cohomology

1946 ID: 4995

January 16, 1946

Pope Pius XII declares St. Anthony of Padua Doctor of the Church - 'Evangelical Doctor'

ID: 4995

👤 St. Anthony of Padua

📍 Rome

Pius XII Doctor of the Church Anthony of Padua

Rome

1946 ID: 4252

February 1946

Eckert and Mauchly complete ENIAC at University of Pennsylvania - first general-purpose electronic digital computer

ID: 4252

ENIAC computing University of Pennsylvania

1946 ID: 5636

July 4, 1946

The Philippines gains full independence from the United States, becoming the Republic of the Philippines

ID: 5636

📍 New York, Philippines, Manila

independence USA Philippines sovereignty

New York

Philippines

Manila

1946 ID: 1580

September 10, 1946

Mother Teresa receives 'call within call' - 'I was to leave the convent and work with the poor'

ID: 1580

Catholic poor Mother Teresa call within call

1946 ID: 1577

November 22, 1946

Louis Budenz's Congressional testimony: 'The Communists everywhere plan to wage war on the Catholic Church'

ID: 1577

Catholic Church Louis Budenz Congressional testimony Communist war

1946 ID: 4253

December 1946

Eckert and Mauchly leave University of Pennsylvania to found Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation (EMCC) to build UNIVAC

ID: 4253

business founding computing UNIVAC

🏢 Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation

1947 ID: 414

William Tutte characterizes graphs with perfect matchings (Tutte's theorem)

ID: 414

👤 William Tutte

mathematics graph theory matching theory perfect matching

1947 ID: 1582

Everson v. Board of Education - Supreme Court 'pitched God out of school on His ear entirely'

ID: 1582

education Supreme Court Everson v. Board church-state separation

1947 ID: 1583

Nuremberg Code established requiring voluntary consent for human experimentation

ID: 1583

ethics Nuremberg Code human experimentation voluntary consent

1947 ID: 1584

Sandoz begins marketing LSD as 'Delysid' for psychiatric research

ID: 1584

LSD Sandoz Delysid psychiatric research

1947 ID: 1585

Project Paperclip officially ends, though similar programs continue

ID: 1585

Operation Paperclip official end continuation programs

1947 ID: 1586

CIA created; Israel declares independence

ID: 1586

creation independence CIA Israel

1947 ID: 1587

National Security Act creates CIA with heavy German intelligence influence

ID: 1587

CIA National Security Act German intelligence Gehlen

1947 ID: 1588

Gehlen Organization officially activated as US intelligence asset

ID: 1588

US intelligence Gehlen Organization activation asset

1947 ID: 1589

British begin transferring Nazi prisoners to German authorities due to costs

ID: 1589

British Nazi prisoners transfer German authorities

1947 ID: 1590

Transistor invented at Bell Labs

ID: 1590

invention transistor Bell Labs electronics

1947 ID: 1591

Management accounting emerges as distinct discipline separate from financial accounting

ID: 1591

business discipline management accounting internal reporting

1947 ID: 1592

Bardeen, Brattain, and Shockley invent transistor using quantum mechanical mathematics

ID: 1592

quantum mechanics transistor semiconductor Bardeen

1947 ID: 1593

Kenneth Arnold Sighting - Observes nine crescent-shaped objects at 1,200+ mph, coins term 'flying saucer'

ID: 1593

UFO Kenneth Arnold flying saucer Mount Rainier

1947 ID: 1594

Roswell Incident - Military recovers 'flying disc,' then claims weather balloon

ID: 1594

UFO Roswell flying disc weather balloon

1947 ID: 1595

Monsanto begins commercial production of pesticides and herbicides

ID: 1595

commercial production Monsanto pesticides herbicides

1947 ID: 1596

Continued covert Golden Lily recovery - CIA establishes 'M-Fund' using recovered Japanese gold

ID: 1596

Golden Lily CIA M-Fund Black Eagle Trust

1947 ID: 1597

Peak operational period for bringing German scientists to U.S. (1947-1959)

ID: 1597

Operation Paperclip German scientists peak period relocation

1947 ID: 1598

Our Lady of Casanova Staffora, Italy begins (1947-1959) - Appears to Angela Volpini

ID: 1598

apparition Catholic Casanova Staffora Angela Volpini

1947 ID: 1599

Blessed Marthe Robin - stigmatist living only on Eucharist (1947-1990)

ID: 1599

Eucharist Catholic stigmatist Marthe Robin

1947 ID: 4614

George Dantzig invents simplex algorithm - efficient method for linear programming

ID: 4614

mathematics algorithm linear programming simplex Dantzig

1947 ID: 4599

October 4, 1947

Max Planck dies in Göttingen - age 89, buried with quantum formula h on gravestone

ID: 4599

👤 Max Planck

death Planck quantum physicist Göttingen

1947 ID: 1581

November 20, 1947

Pope Pius XII issues 'Mediator Dei' on sacred liturgy

ID: 1581

Catholic Pope Mediator Dei sacred liturgy

1947 ID: 4297

December 23, 1947

Bardeen, Brattain, and Shockley demonstrate first working transistor at Bell Labs - revolutionizes electronics

ID: 4297

👤 William Shockley, John Bardeen, Walter Brattain

🏢 Bell Telephone Laboratories

invention transistor Bell Labs computing

1948 ID: 1600

White promoted to FBN District Supervisor of San Francisco office

ID: 1600

FBN George Hunter White District Supervisor San Francisco

1948 ID: 1601

Luciano appears in Mexico organizing drug operations; Maxwell acquired European scientific journal publishing rights

ID: 1601

Maxwell Mexico Lucky Luciano drug operations

1948 ID: 1602

London Agreement allows German courts to handle war crimes

ID: 1602

war crimes London Agreement German courts jurisdiction

1948 ID: 1603

Schacht receives 8-year sentence from German denazification court, immediately released

ID: 1603

release Hjalmar Schacht denazification sentence

1948 ID: 1604

German 'Spruchkammer' courts begin mass acquittals of transferred Nazi war criminals

ID: 1604

mass German courts Spruchkammer Nazi acquittals

1948 ID: 1605

BIS reinvents itself as central bank forum; Allen Dulles's CIA uses BIS for covert operations

ID: 1605

BIS Allen Dulles CIA reinvention

1948 ID: 1606

IG Farben Trial verdicts: 13 executives convicted, 11 acquitted; maximum sentence only 8 years

ID: 1606

IG Farben Trial verdicts executives sentences

1948 ID: 1608

Stephen Schwartz born to Jewish father and Protestant minister's daughter, both anti-religious

ID: 1608

birth Stephen Schwartz Jewish father Protestant mother

1948 ID: 1609

Shannon publishes complete mathematical theory of communication

ID: 1609

communication Claude Shannon information theory digital revolution

1948 ID: 1610

The transistor is invented at Bell Labs, beginning the semiconductor materials revolution

ID: 1610

revolution transistor Bell Labs semiconductor

1948 ID: 1611

Velcro first produced commercially by Georges de Mestral

ID: 1611

invention commercial production Velcro Georges de Mestral

1948 ID: 1612

Dr. Klenner achieves 100% cure rate for 60 polio cases with vitamin C

ID: 1612

polio vitamin C Dr. Klenner cure rate

1948 ID: 1613

Contrast: 200-300 vaccination deaths vs. only 1 smallpox death this year

ID: 1613

statistics smallpox vaccination deaths contrast

1948 ID: 1614

Dr. Byers warning: 15 brain damage cases 'within hours' of pertussis vaccination

ID: 1614

warning pertussis vaccination brain damage Dr. Byers

1948 ID: 4243

IBM introduces Type 604 Electronic Calculating Punch - 1,400 vacuum tubes, programmable via plugboard

ID: 4243

🏢 International Business Machines Corporation (IBM)

programming electronics IBM computing

1948 ID: 4255

Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation faces severe financial difficulties - seeks buyer to continue UNIVAC development

ID: 4255

crisis financial computing EMCC

🏢 Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation

1948 ID: 4489

Claude Shannon publishes 'A Mathematical Theory of Communication' founding information theory

ID: 4489

mathematics communication information theory Shannon

1948 ID: 4564

John von Neumann develops theory of self-reproducing automata - theoretical foundation for cellular automata and artificial life

ID: 4564

cellular automata computation theory von Neumann self-replication

1948 ID: 4567

Norbert Wiener publishes 'Cybernetics' - control and communication in animals and machines

ID: 4567

communication cybernetics Wiener control theory feedback

1948 ID: 5611

German machine tool industry rebuilds after war - focus on precision and quality establishes 'German engineering' reputation

ID: 5611

📍 Berlin

Germany rebuilding precision machine tool post-war

Berlin

1948 ID: 1607

March 2, 1948

FBI document reports approximately 30,000 Communist Party members in New York City area alone

ID: 1607

membership New York Communist Party FBI

1948 ID: 4298

June 21, 1948

Manchester Baby runs first stored-program - world's first electronic stored-program computer executes software

ID: 4298

🏢 Manchester University Computing Laboratory

computing stored program Manchester Baby first run

1949 ID: 1615

Verschuer becomes corresponding member of American Society of Human Genetics (never prosecuted)

ID: 1615

war crimes Otmar von Verschuer American Society of Human Genetics unprosecuted

1949 ID: 1616

James Bryant Conant acknowledges conversion to Prussian-style schooling was done as 'a coup de main'

ID: 1616

conversion James Bryant Conant Prussian schooling coup de main

1949 ID: 1617

Max Otto: Businessmen pulled off philosophical revolution 'under everybody's nose'

ID: 1617

education Max Otto philosophical revolution businessmen

1949 ID: 1618

French senator Henri Longchambon proposes European Patent Office creation

ID: 1618

European Patent Office Henri Longchambon Council of Europe proposal

1949 ID: 1619

NATO forms; West Germany initially excluded but becomes focal point

ID: 1619

NATO formation West Germany European security

1949 ID: 1620

NATO founded with German strategic input through Gehlen networks

ID: 1620

founding German intelligence NATO Gehlen networks

1949 ID: 1621

Federal Republic of Germany established with Gehlen Organization as intelligence foundation

ID: 1621

Germany intelligence Gehlen Organization Federal Republic

1949 ID: 1622

Central Bank of the Philippines established - Gold reserves partially recovered from pre-war

ID: 1622

Philippines Central Bank Miguel Cuaderno gold reserves

1949 ID: 1624

Claude Shannon demonstrates mathematical chess-playing program - First AI using algorithms

ID: 1624

mathematics Claude Shannon chess program artificial intelligence

1949 ID: 4244

IBM introduces Card-Programmed Electronic Calculator (CPC) - combines 604 with other units for complex calculations

ID: 4244

🏢 International Business Machines Corporation (IBM)

electronics IBM computing calculator

1949 ID: 4300

Jay Forrester and An Wang develop magnetic core memory at MIT - reliable random-access memory for computers

ID: 4300

👤 Jay Forrester, An Wang

🏢 International Business Machines Corporation (IBM)

MIT computing magnetic core memory

1949 ID: 4409

Short Code developed for UNIVAC I - first high-level language, interpreted, very slow but easier than machine code

ID: 4409

programming first assembly Short Code

1949 ID: 5607

German engineers begin developing numerical control concepts parallel to MIT work, focusing on programming languages

ID: 5607

📍 Berlin

Germany programming automation machining numerical control

Berlin

1949 ID: 5654

Michigan reports first major skunk rabies epizootic in the Midwest

ID: 5654

📍 Michigan

public health skunk rabies epizootic Michigan

Michigan

1949 ID: 4299

May 1949

Maurice Wilkes completes EDSAC at Cambridge - first practical stored-program computer for regular use

ID: 4299

👤 Maurice Wilkes

Cambridge computing EDSAC practical

1949 ID: 1623

July 1949

Pope Pius XII's Decree Against Communism excommunicates Catholics who join Communist Parties

ID: 1623

Catholic excommunication Pope communism

1950s (179 events)

1950 ID: 1627

Margaret Sanger continues eugenic advocacy: 'decreasing the progeny of those afflicted with transmissible diseases'

ID: 1627

eugenics Margaret Sanger advocacy transmissible diseases

1950 ID: 1628

Project Bluebird launched as CIA's initial interrogation research program

ID: 1628

CIA Project Bluebird interrogation research launch

1950 ID: 1629

Von Braun's rocket team transferred to Huntsville, Alabama/Redstone Arsenal

ID: 1629

Wernher von Braun rocket team Huntsville Redstone Arsenal

1950 ID: 1630

Civil Air Transport becomes CIA proprietary airline

ID: 1630

CIA Civil Air Transport proprietary airline covert

1950 ID: 1631

Most IG Farben executives released from prison, return to corporate leadership

ID: 1631

IG Farben executives prison release corporate leadership

1950 ID: 1632

Pharmaceutical companies market amphetamines for depression, weight loss, 'minimal brain dysfunction'

ID: 1632

amphetamines pharmaceutical marketing depression weight loss

1950 ID: 1633

Television ownership explodes in America

ID: 1633

America television media ownership explosion

1950 ID: 1634

Fall 1950: Bella Dodd meets Fulton Sheen through Congressman after testifying in Washington

ID: 1634

meeting Bella Dodd testimony Fulton Sheen

1950 ID: 1635

Electronic data processing begins transforming accounting practice

ID: 1635

automation accounting electronic data processing computers

1950 ID: 1636

Alan Turing proposes Turing Test for artificial intelligence

ID: 1636

Alan Turing artificial intelligence Turing Test framework

1950 ID: 1637

Eilenberg and Mac Lane systematically develop category theory

ID: 1637

mathematics category theory Eilenberg Mac Lane mathematical foundations

1950 ID: 1638

Polyurethane foam first commercialized for furniture and insulation

ID: 1638

insulation polyurethane foam commercialization furniture

1950 ID: 1639

Dr. McCormick reports 'spectacular results' with vitamin C

ID: 1639

treatment vitamin C Dr. McCormick spectacular results

1950 ID: 1640

Dr. Beddow Bayly: Pure lymph could contain 500 million organisms per ml

ID: 1640

vaccination lymph contamination Dr. Beddow Bayly organisms

1950 ID: 1642

Over 80% of US heroin from Southern France, distributed by Corsican Brotherhood (1950s)

ID: 1642

FBN heroin Southern France Unione Corse

1950 ID: 1643

White reassigned from New York to Boston, becomes 'bitter' - perfect CIA recruitment target

ID: 1643

Boston George Hunter White reassignment CIA recruitment

1950 ID: 1644

Marcos Golden Lily involvement begins - Young lawyer investigates treasure sites

ID: 1644

investigation Golden Lily treasure sites Ferdinand Marcos

1950 ID: 1645

Dogma of Assumption proclaimed - Heaven confirms what faithful always believed

ID: 1645

Catholic confirmation Assumption dogma heaven

1950 ID: 1646

Mother Teresa founds Missionaries of Charity - 'We do it for Jesus'

ID: 1646

Catholic founding Mother Teresa Missionaries of Charity

1950 ID: 4245

IBM punch card revenue exceeds $500 million annually - dominates business data processing market before electronic computers

ID: 4245

🏢 International Business Machines Corporation (IBM)

business revenue IBM computing

1950 ID: 4490

John Nash proves existence of equilibrium points in non-cooperative games

ID: 4490

mathematics game theory Nash equilibrium John Nash

1950 ID: 4568

Richard Hamming develops Hamming codes - first error-correcting codes for reliable communication

ID: 4568

error correction information theory Hamming codes

1950 ID: 4574

Laurent Schwartz develops theory of distributions - rigorous framework for Dirac delta and generalized functions

ID: 4574

mathematics analysis distributions Schwartz generalized functions

1950 ID: 4615

Richard Hamming develops error-correcting codes - mathematics enables reliable digital communication

ID: 4615

mathematics error correction Hamming codes information

1950 ID: 5788

Red Delicious dominates American market - bred for appearance not taste, represents triumph of marketing over flavor

ID: 5788

📍 New York

commercial monoculture apple Red Delicious bland

New York

1950 ID: 5946

Pompeii graffiti reveals ancient life - thousands of inscriptions: 'Gaius was here,' business ads, love notes, insults, bawdy jokes, showing Romans were just like us

ID: 5946

📍 Pompeii

preserved Pompeii graffiti daily life vulgar human

Pompeii

1950 ID: 4256

February 1950

Remington Rand acquires Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation for $437,500 plus stock - gains UNIVAC technology and contracts

ID: 4256

business acquisition computing UNIVAC

🏢 Remington Rand, Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation

1950 ID: 1641

June 2, 1950

Pope Francis beatifies seven bishops killed 'in hatred of the faith' between 1950-1970 in Romania

ID: 1641

Catholic Pope Francis beatification Romanian bishops

1950 ID: 1625

August 12, 1950

Pope Pius XII condemns false theological opinions in 'Humani Generis'

ID: 1625

Catholic Pope Humani Generis theological errors

1950 ID: 1626

November 1, 1950

Pope Pius XII declares dogma of Assumption of Mary in 'Munificentissimus Deus'

ID: 1626

Catholic Pope dogma Assumption

1950 ID: 1654

December 24, 1950

Christmas Eve 1950: Bella Dodd attends Midnight Mass at St. Francis of Assisi Church

ID: 1654

conversion Catholic Bella Dodd Midnight Mass

1951 ID: 1647

Samuel Bronfman helps arrange $2 million weapons deal for Israel

ID: 1647

Israel Samuel Bronfman weapons deal financing

1951 ID: 1648

Germany becomes founding member of European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC)

ID: 1648

Germany ECSC European integration founding member

1951 ID: 1649

West Germany joins NATO planning through 'Himmerod Conference'

ID: 1649

NATO West Germany Himmerod Conference military planning

1951 ID: 1650

West Germany's '131 Law' reinstates 150,000+ former Nazi officials into government positions with retroactive pensions

ID: 1650

West Germany 131 Law Nazi officials reinstatement

1951 ID: 1651

High Commissioner John McCloy commutes death sentences of 21 major war criminals, reduces sentences for 74 others

ID: 1651

John McCloy war criminals commutation clemency

1951 ID: 1652

IG Farben formally broken up into BASF, Bayer, Hoechst, and smaller companies

ID: 1652

Bayer BASF IG Farben breakup

1951 ID: 1653

Project Artichoke replaces Bluebird, expands mind control research; studies involuntary assassinations

ID: 1653

assassination CIA Project Artichoke mind control

1951 ID: 1655

Easter 1951: Bella Dodd begins weekly instruction with Sheen

ID: 1655

Catholic Bella Dodd Fulton Sheen instruction

1951 ID: 1656

Harry Hay leaves CPUSA voluntarily due to homosexuality being security risk, forms Mattachine Society

ID: 1656

Harry Hay CPUSA homosexuality Mattachine Society

1951 ID: 1657

Wilhelm Reich writes The Murder of Christ: The Emotional Plague of Mankind

ID: 1657

Wilhelm Reich Murder of Christ Jesus emotional plague

1951 ID: 1658

First commercial computer UNIVAC I predicts Eisenhower election victory

ID: 1658

prediction computer UNIVAC I Eisenhower election

1951 ID: 1659

DuPont introduces Dacron polyester fiber commercially

ID: 1659

commercial DuPont Dacron polyester fiber

1951 ID: 1660

Formica laminate surfaces become widely available for kitchen countertops

ID: 1660

materials Formica laminate kitchen countertops

1951 ID: 4565

Stanislaw Ulam suggests using cellular lattice for von Neumann's self-reproducing machines

ID: 4565

cellular automata computation von Neumann Ulam lattice

1951 ID: 4258

March 1951

Remington Rand delivers UNIVAC I Serial #1 to U.S. Census Bureau - first commercial computer produced in United States

ID: 4258

delivery computing UNIVAC Census

1952 ID: 1661

Korean War military testing: 81% literacy rate (down from 96% in WWII)

ID: 1661

decline military testing Korean War literacy rate

1952 ID: 1662

Walter Schreiber (Paperclip scientist) flees to Argentina with U.S. military assistance

ID: 1662

Walter Schreiber Paperclip Argentina escape

1952 ID: 1663

Roy Cohn arrives in Washington, meets Hoover; Reagan grants MCA special waiver

ID: 1663

Washington MCA Hoover Roy Cohn

1952 ID: 1664

George H.W. Bush stationed at CIA Berlin Base - exposed to Gehlen Organization operations

ID: 1664

CIA Gehlen George H.W. Bush Berlin Base

1952 ID: 1665

'Transition Treaty' ends Allied authority over war crimes, transfers all cases to German courts

ID: 1665

war crimes German courts Transition Treaty Allied authority

1952 ID: 1666

By 1952: 60% of West German Foreign Ministry employees are former Nazi party members

ID: 1666

statistics West Germany Foreign Ministry Nazi members

1952 ID: 1667

National Security Agency (NSA) officially established by President Truman

ID: 1667

Truman NSA National Security Agency establishment

1952 ID: 1668

Television broadcasting spreads globally

ID: 1668

technology broadcasting television global spread

1952 ID: 1670

Washington National Airport UFO Incidents - Objects tracked on radar at 7,000+ mph, largest Air Force press conference

ID: 1670

radar UFO Washington D.C. F-94 interceptors

1952 ID: 1671

Dr. McCormick reports 'spectacular results' with vitamin C

ID: 1671

treatment vitamin C Dr. McCormick results

1952 ID: 4301

Grace Hopper develops A-0 compiler at Remington Rand - first compiler automatically translates code

ID: 4301

👤 Grace Hopper

programming computing compiler A-0

1952 ID: 4410

Alick Glennie develops Autocode at Manchester University - first compiled high-level language

ID: 4410

programming compiler Manchester Autocode

1952 ID: 4302

April 1952

IBM announces 701 Defense Calculator - IBM's first commercial scientific computer, 19 installations

ID: 4302

🏢 International Business Machines Corporation (IBM)

scientific computing IBM 701 mainframe

1952 ID: 1669

April 7, 1952

April 7, 1952: Bella Dodd baptized by Sheen in St. Patrick's Cathedral

ID: 1669

baptism Bella Dodd Fulton Sheen St. Patrick's

1952 ID: 4257

May 1952

Remington Rand acquires Engineering Research Associates (ERA) - gains cryptography and military computing expertise

ID: 4257

military acquisition computing ERA

1952 ID: 4259

November 1952

UNIVAC I correctly predicts Eisenhower landslide on CBS television with only 7% of vote counted - public introduction to computers

ID: 4259

prediction television computing UNIVAC

1953 ID: 1672

Arthur Andersen installs first computer for business use (UNIVAC I) for General Electric payroll

ID: 1672

accounting Arthur Andersen General Electric UNIVAC I

1953 ID: 1673

CIA Director Allen Dulles gives speech at Princeton warning of Soviet 'brain warfare'

ID: 1673

Allen Dulles CIA brain warfare Princeton

1953 ID: 1674

Project MKUltra officially approved by Allen Dulles; Sidney Gottlieb appointed director

ID: 1674

Allen Dulles MKUltra Sidney Gottlieb approval

1953 ID: 1675

CIA purchases entire world supply of LSD from Sandoz for $240,000

ID: 1675

LSD Sandoz CIA world supply

1953 ID: 1676

Landsberg Prison emptied - last 300+ war criminals released by German authorities

ID: 1676

Germany release war criminals Landsberg Prison

1953 ID: 1677

Frank Olson dies after being given LSD by CIA agents

ID: 1677

death LSD CIA Frank Olson

1953 ID: 1680

Watson and Crick discover DNA double helix structure using X-ray crystallography mathematics

ID: 1680

DNA Watson and Crick double helix X-ray crystallography

1953 ID: 1681

Karl Ziegler develops new catalysts for polyethylene production

ID: 1681

plastics polyethylene Karl Ziegler catalysts

1953 ID: 1682

Dr. Klenner publishes definitive paper on vitamin C as antibiotic

ID: 1682

publication vitamin C Dr. Klenner antibiotic

1953 ID: 1683

Padre Pio founds hospital: 'House for Relief of Suffering' - Miracles multiply

ID: 1683

Catholic miracles Padre Pio hospital

1953 ID: 4260

Remington Rand holds brief lead in computer market with UNIVAC installations before IBM 701 gains momentum

ID: 4260

🏢 International Business Machines Corporation (IBM), Remington Rand

competition IBM computing market share

1953 ID: 4261

Remington Rand creates UNIVAC Division under General Leslie Groves (Manhattan Project) to manage computer operations

ID: 4261

management organization computing

1953 ID: 5655

Texas begins systematic skunk rabies surveillance program

ID: 5655

📍 Texas

public health Texas surveillance skunk rabies

Texas

1953 ID: 1678

July 7, 1953

July 7, 1953: Ben Gitlow testifies on Protestant church infiltration

ID: 1678

infiltration Ben Gitlow testimony Protestant church

1953 ID: 1679

July 8, 1953

July 8, 1953: Manning Johnson testifies on Communist infiltration of churches

ID: 1679

testimony Manning Johnson communist infiltration church

1954 ID: 1684

Eli Lilly & Company develops capacity to produce LSD in 'tonnage quantities'

ID: 1684

LSD production Eli Lilly tonnage quantities

1954 ID: 1685

Operation Midnight Climax begins - CIA brothels in San Francisco for LSD experiments

ID: 1685

LSD CIA Operation Midnight Climax brothels

1954 ID: 1686

Tibor Rosenbaum listed as managing director of Swiss-Liberian Finance Corporation

ID: 1686

finance Tibor Rosenbaum Swiss-Liberian Finance managing director

1954 ID: 1687

Paris Agreements: West Germany joins NATO; 20,000+ former SS officers declared eligible for military service

ID: 1687

NATO West Germany Paris Agreements SS officers

1954 ID: 1688

White selected by Commissioner Anslinger for MKULTRA work - 'disgruntled employee' with 'truth drug' experience

ID: 1688

FBN George Hunter White MKUltra Anslinger

1954 ID: 1689

Secret agreements with Sweden and other allies for intelligence cooperation

ID: 1689

Sweden intelligence cooperation secret agreements allies

1954 ID: 1690

CERN Convention signed, granting immunity from legal process to international physics organization

ID: 1690

convention immunity CERN legal process

1954 ID: 1691

Wilhelm Reich's The Sexual Revolution banned by US court order

ID: 1691

Wilhelm Reich Sexual Revolution banned court order

1954 ID: 1692

First nuclear power plant generates electricity using mathematical reactor control theory

ID: 1692

mathematics electricity nuclear power reactor control

1954 ID: 1693

The first silicon solar cell is developed at Bell Labs

ID: 1693

Bell Labs silicon solar cell development photovoltaic

1954 ID: 1694

Vinyl flooring (PVC) begins widespread use in homes

ID: 1694

vinyl flooring PVC homes widespread use

1954 ID: 4262

Remington Rand announces UNIVAC II with magnetic core memory replacing mercury delay lines - major performance improvement

ID: 4262

innovation computing UNIVAC II

1954 ID: 4303

IBM begins developing FORTRAN under John Backus - first high-level programming language for science

ID: 4303

🏢 International Business Machines Corporation (IBM)

programming IBM computing FORTRAN

1955 ID: 1695

Pope Pius XII reforms Holy Week liturgy

ID: 1695

Catholic Pope Pius XII Holy Week

1955 ID: 1696

Final French releases of remaining war criminals from occupation period

ID: 1696

France war criminals final release occupation

1955 ID: 1697

West Germany joins NATO, ending occupation status

ID: 1697

NATO West Germany occupation status ending

1955 ID: 1699

Albert Vassart reveals 1936 Moscow order for Communist Youth to enter seminaries

ID: 1699

seminaries testimony Albert Vassart Communist Youth

1955 ID: 1700

Jonas Salk's polio vaccine introduced (Firstenberg notes correlation with electrical expansion)

ID: 1700

polio vaccine Jonas Salk introduction electrical expansion

1955 ID: 1701

Jean-Pierre Serre develops systematic sheaf theory in algebraic geometry

ID: 1701

mathematics algebraic geometry Jean-Pierre Serre sheaf theory

1955 ID: 1702

High-density polyethylene (HDPE) first produced commercially using Ziegler catalysts

ID: 1702

commercial HDPE high-density polyethylene Ziegler catalysts

1955 ID: 1703

Cutter disaster: 220,000+ infected with live virus from vaccine - 164 severely paralyzed, 10 killed

ID: 1703

paralysis polio vaccine Cutter disaster live virus

1955 ID: 1704

Massachusetts: Zero measles deaths when vaccine licensed

ID: 1704

Massachusetts measles deaths zero vaccine licensed

1955 ID: 1705

Licensing scandal: Vaccine approved in 2 hours without committee reading full research report

ID: 1705

vaccine approval licensing scandal 2 hours

1955 ID: 4304

Bell Labs completes TRADIC - first fully transistorized computer for Air Force

ID: 4304

🏢 Bell Telephone Laboratories

commercial transistor computing TRADIC

1955 ID: 1698

January 15, 1955

January 15, 1955: Blessed Solanus Casey warns of 'red communism' infiltrating convents and monasteries

ID: 1698

infiltration Solanus Casey red communism convents

1955 ID: 4263

June 1955

Remington Rand merges with Sperry Corporation to form Sperry Rand Corporation - creates major electronics and computer conglomerate

ID: 4263

👤 James H. Rand Jr.

🏢 Remington Rand, Sperry Corporation, Sperry Rand Corporation

business merger computing Sperry

1956 ID: 1707

CIBA began marketing methylphenidate as Ritalin for adult psychiatric conditions

ID: 1707

Ritalin CIBA methylphenidate adult psychiatric

1956 ID: 1708

First recorded meeting between Hoover and Rosenstiel; James Rutkin dies mysteriously

ID: 1708

meeting Rosenstiel Hoover James Rutkin

1956 ID: 1709

BND Formation: Gehlen Organization officially becomes West German Federal Intelligence Service

ID: 1709

Gehlen Organization formation BND West German intelligence

1956 ID: 1710

Suez Crisis: German intelligence helps orchestrate crisis that weakens British and French influence

ID: 1710

German intelligence Suez Crisis British French influence orchestration

1956 ID: 1711

Fritz ter Meer becomes Bayer chairman after serving 7 years for slavery charges

ID: 1711

Bayer Fritz ter Meer chairman slavery charges

1956 ID: 1712

Wilhelm Reich's The Sexual Revolution banned by FDA on mental, psychological, and physical health grounds

ID: 1712

Wilhelm Reich Sexual Revolution FDA ban health grounds

1956 ID: 1713

Don Pasquale Uva discovers infiltrator 'Sanomonte' from Communist Party at House of Divine Providence

ID: 1713

Italy Don Pasquale Uva communist infiltrator Sanomonte

1956 ID: 1714

Herbert Aptheker defends Soviet invasion of Hungary

ID: 1714

defense Herbert Aptheker Soviet invasion Hungary

1956 ID: 1715

John McCarthy coins term 'artificial intelligence' and develops LISP programming language

ID: 1715

programming artificial intelligence John McCarthy LISP

1956 ID: 1716

Non-stick cookware using Teflon coating first sold commercially

ID: 1716

commercial Teflon non-stick cookware coating

1956 ID: 4264

IBM surpasses Sperry Rand in computer installations - IBM's superior sales force and business focus defeats technical advantages

ID: 4264

🏢 International Business Machines Corporation (IBM), Sperry Rand Corporation

competition IBM computing market share

1956 ID: 4265

Justice Department forces IBM and Sperry Rand to cross-license patents in consent decree - opens computer market

ID: 4265

🏢 International Business Machines Corporation (IBM), Sperry Rand Corporation

computing antitrust consent decree

1956 ID: 1706

May 15, 1956

Pope Pius XII issues 'Haurietis Aquas' on Sacred Heart devotion

ID: 1706

Sacred Heart Catholic Pope Haurietis Aquas

1956 ID: 4305

September 1956

IBM introduces 305 RAMAC with first hard disk drive - 5 million characters on 50 disks

ID: 4305

🏢 International Business Machines Corporation (IBM)

computing hard disk IBM 305 RAMAC

1956 ID: 5572

October 23, 1956

Hungarian Revolution of 1956 begins - students and workers rise against Soviet occupation

ID: 5572

📍 Budapest

revolution uprising Hungary Soviet 1956

Budapest

1956 ID: 5573

November 4, 1956

Soviets crush Hungarian Revolution with 2,500 tanks - 200,000 Hungarians flee as refugees

ID: 5573

📍 Budapest

revolution Hungary Soviet refugees crushed

Budapest

1957 ID: 1717

Soviet Union launches Sputnik 1, creating national panic about falling behind

ID: 1717

Soviet Union Sputnik Cold War space race

1957 ID: 1718

Educational Crisis: Critics blame 'progressive education'; demand rigid curriculum

ID: 1718

education crisis progressive education curriculum rigid

1957 ID: 1719

Rhode Island psychiatrists coin 'hyperkinetic impulse disorder' - drastically lowered threshold

ID: 1719

psychiatry brain damage hyperkinetic disorder diagnosis

1957 ID: 1720

Louis Nichols (Hoover's #2) hired as Schenley executive; CDC formed

ID: 1720

Schenley Hoover Louis Nichols CDC

1957 ID: 1721

Investigation reveals 90% of West German prosecutors have Nazi backgrounds

ID: 1721

investigation West Germany prosecutors Nazi backgrounds

1957 ID: 1722

Czechoslovakia prisoner exchange returns 10,000+ Germans including major war criminals

ID: 1722

Germans war criminals Czechoslovakia prisoner exchange

1957 ID: 1723

Germany signs Treaty of Rome as founding member of European Economic Community

ID: 1723

Germany founding member Treaty of Rome EEC

1957 ID: 1724

Germany holds its first EU Council Presidency

ID: 1724

Germany first EU Council Presidency

1957 ID: 1725

American Institute of CPAs officially adopts current name - Unifying accounting profession

ID: 1725

AICPA American Institute CPAs consolidation

1957 ID: 1726

Sputnik launched using mathematical orbital mechanics - Space age begins

ID: 1726

Sputnik orbital mechanics space age Soviet

1957 ID: 1727

Alexander Grothendieck begins systematic reconstruction of algebraic geometry

ID: 1727

mathematics algebraic geometry Alexander Grothendieck scheme theory

1957 ID: 1728

The Soviet Union launches Sputnik, spurring aerospace materials development

ID: 1728

Soviet Union development Sputnik aerospace materials

1957 ID: 1729

Polypropylene first produced commercially by Montecatini using Ziegler-Natta catalysts

ID: 1729

commercial polypropylene Montecatini Ziegler-Natta

1957 ID: 1730

England begins national whooping cough vaccination

ID: 1730

England vaccination whooping cough national

1957 ID: 1731

Oswald stationed at Atsugi, Japan (1957-1958) - U-2 operations access

ID: 1731

Oswald Atsugi Japan U-2 operations classified

1957 ID: 1732

Dr. Donald Ewen Cameron conducts 'Montreal Experiments' at Allan Memorial Institute (1957-1964)

ID: 1732

CIA MKUltra Donald Ewen Cameron Montreal Experiments

1957 ID: 4308

William Norris founds Control Data Corporation with Seymour Cray as chief designer - focus on supercomputers

ID: 4308

👤 Seymour Cray, William Norris

🏢 Control Data Corporation (CDC)

founding CDC computing supercomputer

1957 ID: 4616

Grothendieck introduces derived categories - revolutionizes homological algebra

ID: 4616

mathematics sheaves cohomology Grothendieck derived categories

1957 ID: 5683

High-fructose corn syrup developed - maize derivative transforms food industry, becomes ubiquitous sweetener

ID: 5683

📍 New York

sweetener maize corn syrup HFCS food industry

New York

1957 ID: 4411

April 1957

IBM releases FORTRAN I - 'FORmula TRANslation', first commercially successful high-level language, 18 person-years of effort

ID: 4411

👤 John Backus

🏢 International Business Machines Corporation (IBM)

programming release scientific FORTRAN

1957 ID: 4307

August 1957

Ken Olsen and Harlan Anderson found Digital Equipment Corporation with $70,000 - future minicomputer leader

ID: 4307

👤 Ken Olsen, Harlan Anderson

🏢 Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC)

founding computing DEC minicomputer

1957 ID: 4306

October 1957

Fairchild Semiconductor founded by 'Traitorous Eight' from Shockley - begins Silicon Valley revolution

ID: 4306

👤 William Shockley

silicon computing Fairchild startup

1957 ID: 4374

October 1957

Robert Noyce, Gordon Moore and six others leave Shockley Semiconductor to found Fairchild - birth of Silicon Valley culture

ID: 4374

👤 Robert Noyce, Gordon Moore

founding Fairchild semiconductors Traitorous Eight

1958 ID: 1735

National Defense Education Act passes with $1 billion funding for guidance counselors

ID: 1735

National Defense Education Act funding guidance counselors underachievers

1958 ID: 1736

Susan Kaufman witnesses first Plaza Hotel 'blue suite' blackmail party

ID: 1736

blackmail Susan Kaufman Plaza Hotel blue suite

1958 ID: 1737

Intensified Golden Lily search operations - CIA operations from Subic Bay

ID: 1737

Golden Lily Santa Romana CIA Subic Bay

1958 ID: 1738

EEC comes into effect

ID: 1738

European Economic Community EEC effect implementation

1958 ID: 1739

Oswald arrives at Subic Bay Naval Base - Marine Air Control Squadron 1 assignment

ID: 1739

Philippines Oswald Subic Bay MACS-1

1958 ID: 1740

Asian flu pandemic (Firstenberg correlates with radar and early satellite technology)

ID: 1740

pandemic radar Asian flu satellite

1958 ID: 1741

Oswald Philippines service period - CIA coordination for regional activities

ID: 1741

Philippines Oswald CIA coordination Golden Triangle

1958 ID: 1742

Oswald returns to Atsugi, Japan - Promoted to Private First Class

ID: 1742

Oswald Atsugi promotion U-2 access

1958 ID: 1743

Zentrale Stelle established in Ludwigsburg to investigate remaining Nazi crimes

ID: 1743

investigation Zentrale Stelle Ludwigsburg Nazi crimes

1958 ID: 1744

Jack Kilby invents integrated circuit using mathematical semiconductor physics

ID: 1744

invention Jack Kilby integrated circuit semiconductor physics

1958 ID: 1745

Integrated circuits drive demand for ultra-pure silicon and semiconductor materials

ID: 1745

integrated circuits silicon semiconductor materials demand

1958 ID: 1746

Dr. Berg reports normal child becomes severely brain damaged within 24 hours of DTP

ID: 1746

DTP brain damage Dr. Berg vaccine injury

1958 ID: 1747

St. John XXIII elected - calls Vatican II - Vision: 'A new Pentecost'

ID: 1747

Catholic John XXIII Vatican II announcement

1958 ID: 4412

ALGOL 58 defined by international committee - Algorithmic Language, influences all future languages but limited use

ID: 4412

👤 John Backus, Peter Naur

programming international ALGOL 58 committee

1958 ID: 4413

John McCarthy creates LISP at MIT - LISt Processing for AI research, second-oldest high-level language still in use

ID: 4413

👤 John McCarthy

programming LISP AI functional

1958 ID: 4309

September 1958

Jack Kilby demonstrates first integrated circuit at Texas Instruments - multiple components on single chip

ID: 4309

🏢 Texas Instruments

invention integrated circuit computing Texas Instruments

1958 ID: 1733

October 9, 1958

October 9: Pope Pius XII dies

ID: 1733

death Catholic Pope Pius XII

1958 ID: 1734

October 28, 1958

October 28: Pope Saint John XXIII elected at age 76

ID: 1734

election Catholic Pope John XXIII

1959 ID: 415

Edsger Dijkstra develops algorithm for finding shortest paths in weighted graphs

ID: 415

👤 Edsger Dijkstra

mathematics graph algorithms shortest path Dijkstra's algorithm

1959 ID: 416

Paul Erdős and Alfréd Rényi introduce random graph theory and the Erdős-Rényi model

ID: 416

👤 Paul Erdős, Alfréd Rényi

mathematics random graphs probabilistic method Erdős-Rényi model

1959 ID: 1749

Pope John XXIII announces Second Vatican Council, shocking the world

ID: 1749

Catholic Pope Vatican II announcement

1959 ID: 1750

Frederick Osborn strategy: 'This is a matter of strategy rather than ideology'

ID: 1750

eugenics strategy ideology Frederick Osborn

1959 ID: 1751

Accounting Principles Board (APB) replaces Committee on Accounting Procedure

ID: 1751

standards APB Accounting Principles Board authority

1959 ID: 1752

JIOA (Project Paperclip) continues operations despite official end

ID: 1752

operations JIOA continuation Project Paperclip

1959 ID: 1753

Bruce Rappaport creates International Maritime Services; Henry Crown merges with General Dynamics

ID: 1753

business Bruce Rappaport Henry Crown Mount Kenya Safari Club

1959 ID: 1754

Oswald 'defects' to Soviet Union - Claims to have radar secrets from U-2 program

ID: 1754

Soviet Union Oswald defection U-2 secrets

1959 ID: 1755

The first integrated circuit is developed, advancing semiconductor materials science

ID: 1755

materials semiconductor development integrated circuit

1959 ID: 1756

Spandex (Lycra) first produced commercially by DuPont

ID: 1756

commercial DuPont spandex Lycra

1959 ID: 4311

DEC introduces PDP-1 designed by Gordon Bell - $120,000 interactive computer with display, starts minicomputer era

ID: 4311

👤 Gordon Bell

🏢 Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC)

computing minicomputer PDP-1 interactive

1959 ID: 4312

Grace Hopper leads development of COBOL - Common Business-Oriented Language for business computing

ID: 4312

👤 Grace Hopper

programming business computing COBOL

1959 ID: 4376

National Semiconductor founded in Connecticut - later moves to Silicon Valley, becomes major chip producer

ID: 4376

🏢 National Semiconductor

founding semiconductors National Semiconductor

1959 ID: 4617

Atiyah and Hirzebruch develop topological K-theory - vector bundles classify spaces

ID: 4617

mathematics topology K-theory Atiyah Hirzebruch

1959 ID: 4310

January 1959

Robert Noyce invents planar integrated circuit at Fairchild - practical method for mass production

ID: 4310

integrated circuit computing Fairchild planar

1959 ID: 4375

January 1959

Robert Noyce invents planar process for integrated circuits at Fairchild - enables mass production of chips

ID: 4375

👤 Robert Noyce

integrated circuit semiconductors planar process

1959 ID: 4996

March 28, 1959

Pope John XXIII declares St. Lawrence of Brindisi Doctor of the Church - 'Apostolic Doctor'

ID: 4996

👤 St. Lawrence of Brindisi

📍 Rome

John XXIII Doctor of the Church Lawrence of Brindisi

Rome

1959 ID: 4414

May 1959

CODASYL committee led by Grace Hopper creates COBOL specification - COmmon Business-Oriented Language for business data processing

ID: 4414

👤 Grace Hopper

programming business COBOL committee

1959 ID: 1748

June 29, 1959

Pope John XXIII announces Second Vatican Council with 'Ad Petri Cathedram'

ID: 1748

Catholic Pope Vatican Council Ad Petri Cathedram

1960s (150 events)

1960 ID: 417

Erdős develops extremal graph theory, studying how large structures must appear in graphs

ID: 417

👤 Paul Erdős

mathematics graph theory extremal graph theory Ramsey theory

1960 ID: 1757

Francis Gary Powers U-2 shot down over USSR - Same base where Oswald served

ID: 1757

Soviet Union Oswald Francis Gary Powers U-2

1960 ID: 1758

Adolf Eichmann captured in Buenos Aires, revealing extent of Nazi escape networks

ID: 1758

capture Nazi networks Adolf Eichmann Buenos Aires

1960 ID: 1759

NASA establishes Marshall Space Flight Center; von Braun becomes director with 118 German scientists

ID: 1759

German scientists NASA Marshall Space Flight Center von Braun

1960 ID: 1760

Computer technology begins automating bookkeeping tasks - transforming accounting profession

ID: 1760

automation accounting computer technology bookkeeping

1960 ID: 1761

Stephen Smale develops systematic differential topology - Foundation for chaos theory

ID: 1761

mathematics dynamical systems chaos theory Stephen Smale differential topology

1960 ID: 1762

The first birth control pill becomes commercially available

ID: 1762

commercial pharmaceutical birth control pill contraception

1960 ID: 1763

Expanded polystyrene (Styrofoam) insulation begins widespread use in construction

ID: 1763

construction insulation Styrofoam expanded polystyrene

1960 ID: 1764

Dr. Justus Ström questions universal vaccination due to 'increasingly mild nature of disease'

ID: 1764

questioning vaccination Dr. Justus Ström mild disease

1960 ID: 1765

England/Wales: Measles notification only 2.4%, mortality 0.030%

ID: 1765

statistics mortality measles England Wales

1960 ID: 1766

Conners and Eisenberg conduct Ritalin trial at Johns Hopkins; CIBA slides $5,000 check for 'further studies'

ID: 1766

Ritalin CIBA Keith Conners Leon Eisenberg

1960 ID: 1767

Bella Dodd speech: 'I, MYSELF, PUT SOME 1,200 MEN IN CATHOLIC SEMINARIES'

ID: 1767

seminaries Bella Dodd testimony communist infiltration

1960 ID: 4313

CDC delivers 1604 designed by Seymour Cray - first commercially successful fully transistorized computer

ID: 4313

👤 Seymour Cray

🏢 Control Data Corporation (CDC)

commercial transistor computing CDC 1604

1960 ID: 4415

ALGOL 60 Report published - introduces block structure, lexical scoping, BNF notation, most influential language never widely used

ID: 4415

👤 Peter Naur, Edsger Dijkstra

programming ALGOL 60 structured influential

1960 ID: 4491

Eugene Wigner writes 'The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Mathematics in the Natural Sciences'

ID: 4491

philosophy mathematics physics Wigner

1960 ID: 4569

Irving Reed and Gustave Solomon develop Reed-Solomon codes - used in CDs, QR codes, space communication

ID: 4569

error correction communication codes Reed-Solomon storage

1960 ID: 4575

Alexander Grothendieck introduces scheme theory - complete reconstruction of algebraic geometry

ID: 4575

mathematics revolutionary algebraic geometry schemes Grothendieck

1961 ID: 418

Claude Berge introduces perfect graphs and conjectures the Perfect Graph Theorem

ID: 418

👤 Claude Berge

mathematics optimization graph theory perfect graphs

1961 ID: 1769

Kennedy inherits massive CIA infiltration - 47% of political officers in US embassies were CIA agents

ID: 1769

Kennedy CIA infiltration embassies diplomatic cover

1961 ID: 1770

Bay of Pigs invasion disaster creates Kennedy-CIA tensions

ID: 1770

invasion Kennedy Bay of Pigs CIA tensions

1961 ID: 1771

Kennedy wants to 'break up the CIA' after Bay of Pigs

ID: 1771

CIA Kennedy break up Schlesinger memo

1961 ID: 1772

Congress passes Foreign Assistance Act mandating creation of aid agency

ID: 1772

Congress Foreign Assistance Act aid agency mandate

1961 ID: 1773

USAID created by Kennedy executive order - CIA immediately uses as cover

ID: 1773

Kennedy USAID CIA cover covert operations

1961 ID: 1774

Germany holds second EU Council Presidency

ID: 1774

Germany EU Council Presidency second

1961 ID: 1775

Allen Dulles fired as CIA Director - Kennedy blames CIA for Bay of Pigs

ID: 1775

Allen Dulles Bay of Pigs CIA Director fired

1961 ID: 1776

Edward Lorenz discovers chaos theory through mathematical weather modeling

ID: 1776

mathematics chaos theory Edward Lorenz weather modeling butterfly effect

1961 ID: 1777

Yuri Gagarin becomes first human in space using mathematical flight control systems

ID: 1777

space orbital mechanics Yuri Gagarin first human

1961 ID: 1779

OUR LADY OF AKITA, JAPAN begins - 'The work of the devil will infiltrate even the Church'

ID: 1779

apparition Japan Catholic Our Lady of Akita

1961 ID: 4377

Max Palevsky founds Scientific Data Systems - later sold to Xerox for $920 million, funds Intel

ID: 4377

👤 Max Palevsky

🏢 Scientific Data Systems

founding computers semiconductors SDS

1961 ID: 4478

ANITA Mark VII released - world's first all-electronic desktop calculator using vacuum tubes

ID: 4478

calculation electronic vacuum tubes ANITA

1961 ID: 4492

Edward Lorenz discovers sensitive dependence on initial conditions - birth of chaos theory

ID: 4492

mathematics chaos theory butterfly effect Lorenz

1961 ID: 1768

May 15, 1961

Pope John XXIII issues 'Mater et Magistra' on social progress and human dignity

ID: 1768

Catholic Pope Mater et Magistra social progress

1961 ID: 1778

October 13, 1961

Blessed Alexandrina da Costa dies (October 13 - Fatima anniversary) - Lived 13 years on Eucharist alone

ID: 1778

death Eucharist Catholic Alexandrina da Costa

1961 ID: 4314

November 1961

MIT demonstrates Compatible Time-Sharing System (CTSS) - multiple users share single computer

ID: 4314

MIT computing time-sharing CTSS

1962 ID: 1781

Oswald returns to U.S. with Soviet wife - No prosecution for treason

ID: 1781

Oswald return Soviet wife Texas

1962 ID: 1782

Engel v. Vitale - Verbal prayer ruled unconstitutional even if voluntary

ID: 1782

prayer Supreme Court Engel v. Vitale unconstitutional

1962 ID: 1783

Ken Kesey participates in Stanford LSD experiments

ID: 1783

MKUltra Ken Kesey Stanford LSD experiments

1962 ID: 1784

Louis Jolyon West kills elephant 'Tusko' with LSD overdose

ID: 1784

death Louis Jolyon West elephant Tusko LSD overdose

1962 ID: 1785

JIOA disbanded after 17 years of operation

ID: 1785

Operation Paperclip JIOA disbanded 17 years

1962 ID: 1786

Federal Bureau of Narcotics posts agents in Asia; Casey co-founds National Strategy Information Center

ID: 1786

Asia FBN Casey National Strategy

1962 ID: 1787

Leo Strauss shapes neoconservative intellectual movement at University of Chicago

ID: 1787

Leo Strauss neoconservative University of Chicago German émigré

1962 ID: 1788

February-April 1962: Vatican II prepares unpublished schemas condemning 'atheistic communism'

ID: 1788

Vatican II atheistic communism schemas unpublished

1962 ID: 1789

Telstar satellite enables first live transatlantic television broadcasts

ID: 1789

transatlantic television satellite Telstar

1962 ID: 1790

Rachel Carson publishes 'Silent Spring,' beginning environmental awareness

ID: 1790

chemical industry Rachel Carson Silent Spring environment

1962 ID: 1791

Acrylic sheet (Plexiglas) becomes widely used in architecture and construction

ID: 1791

architecture construction Plexiglas acrylic sheet

1962 ID: 1792

Second Vatican Council begins (1962-1965) - Battle between modernists and orthodox

ID: 1792

Catholic Vatican II Second Vatican Council modernists

1962 ID: 4315

Manchester University Atlas computer introduces virtual memory - automatic memory management

ID: 4315

🏢 Manchester University Computing Laboratory

computing Atlas virtual memory Manchester

1962 ID: 4416

Kenneth Iverson implements APL at IBM - A Programming Language with special symbols, powerful for matrix operations

ID: 4416

programming notation mathematical APL

1962 ID: 4417

Ole-Johan Dahl and Kristen Nygaard begin Simula at Norwegian Computing Center - first object-oriented language for simulations

ID: 4417

👤 Ole-Johan Dahl, Kristen Nygaard

programming first object-oriented Simula

1962 ID: 5264

St. Genevieve becomes patron of French gendarmes - Pope John XXIII declares her patron of military police

ID: 5264

📍 Paris

France military patronage Genevieve gendarmes

Paris

1962 ID: 1780

October 11, 1962

October 11: Pope John XXIII opens Second Vatican Council with 'Gaudet Mater Ecclesia'

ID: 1780

Catholic Pope Vatican II opening

1963 ID: 1796

Conners-Eisenberg study results published, putting Ritalin 'on the child psychiatry map'

ID: 1796

publication Ritalin Conners-Eisenberg child psychiatry

1963 ID: 1797

Oxford International Study Group declares 'brain damage should not be inferred from problematic behavior'

ID: 1797

declaration brain damage behavior Oxford Study Group

1963 ID: 1798

Élysée Treaty signed between France and Germany, establishing framework for cooperation

ID: 1798

France Germany Élysée Treaty cooperation

1963 ID: 1799

Kennedy signs Executive Order 11110 - Delegates authority for silver certificates

ID: 1799

Kennedy Executive Order 11110 silver certificates Treasury

1963 ID: 1800

NSAM 263 signed - Orders withdrawal of 1,000 military advisors from Vietnam

ID: 1800

Kennedy NSAM 263 Vietnam withdrawal military advisors

1963 ID: 1801

Kennedy arrives in Texas - Oil industry hostility due to depletion allowance threats

ID: 1801

Kennedy Texas oil industry Dallas

1963 ID: 1802

Kennedy assassinated in Dallas - Oswald's intelligence connections; Ruby intervention

ID: 1802

Oswald Dallas Kennedy assassination Ruby

1963 ID: 1803

Johnson reverses Vietnam policy - NSAM 273 escalates U.S. involvement

ID: 1803

NSAM 273 Johnson Vietnam escalation reversal

1963 ID: 1804

Paul Cohen proves independence of continuum hypothesis using forcing method

ID: 1804

mathematics Paul Cohen continuum hypothesis forcing method

1963 ID: 1805

Measles vaccine licensed when Massachusetts had zero deaths

ID: 1805

Massachusetts measles vaccine licensed zero deaths

1963 ID: 4316

ASCII character encoding standard published - becomes universal text representation standard

ID: 4316

computing ASCII standard character encoding

1963 ID: 4479

Friden 130 released - first fully transistorized electronic calculator, displays on CRT screen

ID: 4479

calculation transistor electronic Friden 130

1963 ID: 4566

Paul Cohen invents forcing method - proves independence of continuum hypothesis and axiom of choice

ID: 4566

mathematics independence set theory forcing Cohen

1963 ID: 4576

Grothendieck develops topos theory - unifies geometry and logic

ID: 4576

mathematics geometry logic Grothendieck topos theory

1963 ID: 1793

April 11, 1963

Pope John XXIII issues 'Pacem in Terris' on peace during Cuban Missile Crisis

ID: 1793

Catholic Pope Pacem in Terris Cuban Missile Crisis

1963 ID: 1794

June 3, 1963

June 3: Pope Saint John XXIII dies

ID: 1794

death Catholic Pope John XXIII

1963 ID: 1795

June 21, 1963

June 21: Pope Saint Paul VI elected, continuing Second Vatican Council

ID: 1795

election Catholic Pope Paul VI

1964 ID: 1807

MKUltra renamed to MKSEARCH; program continues with new focus

ID: 1807

renamed MKUltra MKSEARCH operational use

1964 ID: 1808

Castle Bank registered in Bahamas; Maxwell elected Labour MP

ID: 1808

Maxwell Castle Bank Bahamas Labour MP

1964 ID: 1809

Germany holds third EU Council Presidency

ID: 1809

Germany third EU Council Presidency

1964 ID: 1810

Nomex fire-resistant fiber first produced commercially by DuPont

ID: 1810

commercial DuPont Nomex fire-resistant fiber

1964 ID: 1811

Brazilian Xavante Tribe Study: 100% had polio antibodies, no paralysis despite universal infection

ID: 1811

Xavante Tribe Brazil polio antibodies no paralysis

1964 ID: 4319

CDC delivers 6600 supercomputer - 3 megaflops, world's fastest computer for 5 years

ID: 4319

👤 Seymour Cray

🏢 Control Data Corporation (CDC)

computing supercomputer CDC 6600 fastest

1964 ID: 4419

IBM develops PL/I - Programming Language One, attempt to combine FORTRAN, COBOL, ALGOL features

ID: 4419

🏢 International Business Machines Corporation (IBM)

programming IBM universal PL/I

1964 ID: 4493

John Bell proves Bell's theorem showing quantum mechanics violates local realism

ID: 4493

mathematics physics quantum mechanics Bell's theorem

1964 ID: 4577

Grothendieck conjectures theory of motives - universal cohomology theory still not fully realized

ID: 4577

mathematics cohomology Grothendieck motives unified theory

1964 ID: 4578

Murray Gell-Mann proposes quarks - fundamental constituents of matter based on symmetry

ID: 4578

physics symmetry particle physics quarks Gell-Mann

1964 ID: 4317

April 1964

IBM announces System/360 - $5 billion gamble on compatible computer family revolutionizes industry

ID: 4317

🏢 International Business Machines Corporation (IBM)

family computing mainframe IBM System/360

1964 ID: 4318

May 1964

John Kemeny and Thomas Kurtz create BASIC at Dartmouth - simple programming language for students

ID: 4318

education programming computing BASIC

1964 ID: 4418

May 1964

Kemeny and Kurtz create BASIC at Dartmouth - Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code for student use

ID: 4418

education programming BASIC timesharing

1964 ID: 1806

August 6, 1964

Pope Paul VI issues 'Ecclesiam Suam' on dialogue within the Church

ID: 1806

Catholic Pope Ecclesiam Suam dialogue

1965 ID: 1812

Pope Paul VI completes Second Vatican Council, becomes first pope to visit United States

ID: 1812

Catholic Pope Vatican II Paul VI

1965 ID: 1813

Sandoz stops LSD production at U.S. government request

ID: 1813

LSD Sandoz production stop US government

1965 ID: 1814

Griswold v. Connecticut: Justice Black warns of 'great unconstitutional shift of power to the courts'

ID: 1814

Griswold v. Connecticut Justice Black dissent judicial power

1965 ID: 1815

US chemical abortions begin (estimated 756 million by 2019)

ID: 1815

beginning statistics United States chemical abortions

1965 ID: 1816

Hoover Foundation incorporated with Rosenstiel as principal contributor

ID: 1816

Rosenstiel Hoover Foundation Rappaport Inter Maritime Bank

1965 ID: 1817

Immigration Act opens US to European intellectuals, many with German academic backgrounds

ID: 1817

opening Immigration Act European intellectuals German academics

1965 ID: 1818

CEDADE (Spanish Nazi organization) officially founded in Barcelona

ID: 1818

founding CEDADE Spanish Nazi Barcelona

1965 ID: 1819

First commercial communications satellite

ID: 1819

technology commercial first communications satellite

1965 ID: 1820

Medicare and Medicaid programs create specialized healthcare accounting requirements

ID: 1820

government Medicare Medicaid healthcare accounting

1965 ID: 1821

Gordon Moore proposes Moore's Law predicting exponential growth in computing power

ID: 1821

Gordon Moore Moore's Law computing power exponential growth

1965 ID: 1822

Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson discover cosmic microwave background radiation

ID: 1822

discovery cosmic microwave background Penzias Wilson Big Bang

1965 ID: 1823

Kecksburg Incident - Large fireball crashes in Pennsylvania woods, military recovers acorn-shaped object

ID: 1823

Pennsylvania UFO Kecksburg military recovery

1965 ID: 1824

Stephanie Kwolek at DuPont invents Kevlar, a revolutionary high-strength polymer

ID: 1824

DuPont Kevlar Stephanie Kwolek high-strength polymer

1965 ID: 4504

Ted Nelson coins 'hypertext' and develops transclusion concept - include by reference not copy, enabling automatic update propagation

ID: 4504

hypertext computing Ted Nelson transclusion Xanadu

1965 ID: 4320

March 1965

DEC introduces PDP-8 for $18,000 - first mass-produced minicomputer, sells 50,000 units

ID: 4320

🏢 Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC)

transistor computing minicomputer PDP-8

1965 ID: 4321

April 1965

Gordon Moore predicts transistor density will double every year - Moore's Law shapes semiconductor industry

ID: 4321