1800s (39 events)
1800
ID: 670
Alessandro Volta invents electric battery using mathematical principles of electrical potential
ID: 670
1800
ID: 671
Pope Pius VII elected during conclave in Venice under Austrian protection
ID: 671
1800
ID: 672
Early anti-vaccination propaganda appears - French cartoon shows men with syringe and monster, children fleeing
ID: 672
1800
ID: 673
St. Madeleine Sophie Barat age 20 founds Sacred Heart Society after vision - will establish 100+ schools
ID: 673
1800
ID: 674
Railroad expansion drives accounting innovation - need for tracking costs across routes and time periods
ID: 674
1800
ID: 2328
First U.S. Bankruptcy Act passed - applies only to merchants and traders, allows voluntary and involuntary bankruptcy, discharge available
ID: 2328
1800
ID: 5678
Tomatoes widely accepted as food in southern Europe - Naples becomes center of tomato cuisine, pizza margherita still decades away
ID: 5678
1800
ID: 5679
Potatoes become Ireland's primary crop - population depends almost entirely on potato, setting stage for disaster
ID: 5679
1800
ID: 5751
Connecticut called 'Nutmeg State' for wooden nutmeg fraud - peddlers allegedly carved fake nutmegs from wood, sold to unsuspecting buyers
ID: 5751
1800
ID: 5782
Chapman plants orchards to claim frontier land - law requires 'improvement' for land claims, 50 apple trees qualify
ID: 5782
1801
ID: 675
Pope Pius VII signs Concordat with Napoleon, restoring Catholic Church in France
ID: 675
1801
ID: 676
Gauss publishes Disquisitiones Arithmeticae founding modern number theory with congruence notation
ID: 676
1801
ID: 677
Piazzi discovers Ceres; Gauss calculates orbit from minimal data, successfully predicts location
ID: 677
1801
ID: 678
London population 800,000; estimated 100,000 people vaccinated by this year
ID: 678
1801
ID: 5538
Sinyu Persecution - hundreds of Korean Catholics martyred including Chinese priest Zhou Wenmo
ID: 5538
1802
ID: 679
Jean-Baptiste Fourier begins study of heat equation for cannon manufacturing
ID: 679
1802
ID: 680
31 Philadelphia doctors claim vaccination safety proven to 'satisfy every candid mind'
ID: 680
1803
ID: 681
Robert Fulton's steamboat uses mathematical analysis of hull design and paddle wheel efficiency
ID: 681
1803
ID: 682
St. Elizabeth Ann Seton converts to Catholicism - will found American Catholic education system
ID: 682
1803
ID: 2329
U.S. Bankruptcy Act repealed - Federalist law seen as favoring merchants over farmers, states resume control
ID: 2329
1804
ID: 683
Napoleon crowns himself Emperor with Pope present; Ecole Polytechnique graduates as chief engineers
ID: 683
1805
ID: 685
Legendre introduces method of least squares for data analysis and curve fitting
ID: 685
1805
ID: 684
June 22, 1805
Giuseppe Mazzini born in Genoa - will later join Carbonari before founding Young Italy
ID: 684
1806
ID: 686
Dr. Moseley publishes anti-vaccine essay claiming cow matter violates natural law, invents 'cowpox face'
ID: 686
1806
ID: 687
Pierre-Joseph Briot founds Carbonarist lodge in Calabria opposing Bonaparte's dictatorship
ID: 687
1807
ID: 689
Joseph Fourier develops Fourier analysis - discovers functions expressible as sines and cosines
ID: 689
1807
ID: 690
Humphry Davy isolates potassium and sodium using electrolysis
ID: 690
1807
ID: 691
Hegel's Phenomenology of Spirit - dialectical process creates template for totalitarian ideologies
ID: 691
1807
ID: 2330
French Commercial Code (Code de Commerce) - Napoleon systematizes bankruptcy and partnership law, influence spreads across Europe
ID: 2330
1807
ID: 3768
British bombardment of Copenhagen - Royal Navy attacks neutral Denmark, steals entire Danish fleet
ID: 3768
1807
ID: 5574
Prussian Military Reform Commission established after devastating defeat at Jena-Auerstedt - Scharnhorst and Gneisenau begin revolutionary reforms
ID: 5574
1807
ID: 688
July 4, 1807
Giuseppe Garibaldi born in Nice - will become prominent Freemason and Italian revolutionary
ID: 688
1808
ID: 692
Wilhelm Schallmayer wins Krupp Prize for essay on heredity and selection in Prussia
ID: 692
1808
ID: 693
Ernst Zermelo develops axiomatic set theory to resolve Russell's Paradox
ID: 693
1808
ID: 694
Humphry Davy isolates barium, calcium, magnesium, and strontium
ID: 694
1808
ID: 2331
Gow v. Berry - English case establishes partnership at will can be dissolved by any partner at any time
ID: 2331
1808
ID: 5575
Scharnhorst implements Krumpersystem - rotating short-term conscripts to build trained reserve army despite Napoleon's 42,000-man limit
ID: 5575
1809
ID: 695
Gauss publishes theory of planetary motion with mathematical justification for least squares
ID: 695
1809
ID: 696
Medical Observer documents 535 cases of smallpox after vaccination, 97 fatal, 150 injuries
ID: 696
1810s (43 events)
1810
ID: 442
Bernard Bolzano develops rigorous proofs and logical foundations, anticipating modern analysis
ID: 442
1810
ID: 697
University of Berlin founded by Wilhelm von Humboldt - model for modern research universities
ID: 697
1810
ID: 698
Count Arakcheyev begins Russian military colony system in Novgorod - 2000 soldier-farmers each
ID: 698
1810
ID: 699
Medical Observer reports: 'Child of Mr. R died of small-pox October 1805. Patient had been vaccinated'
ID: 699
1810
ID: 5576
Prussian War Academy (Kriegsakademie) founded in Berlin - creates professional general staff officer corps with scientific military education
ID: 5576
1810
ID: 5783
Johnny Appleseed becomes Swedenborgian missionary - travels barefoot, wears coffee sack, preaches and plants simultaneously
ID: 5783
1811
ID: 700
Joseph Fourier develops systematic theory of trigonometric series for periodic functions
ID: 700
1811
ID: 701
Heinrich von Kleist publishes Prince of Homburg, defining Prussian literary romanticism
ID: 701
1812
ID: 702
Laplace publishes Theorie analytique - 'probability is common sense reduced to calculus'
ID: 702
1812
ID: 703
Russian military colony expansion halts during Napoleon's invasion - colonists join war effort
ID: 703
1813
ID: 450
Siméon Denis Poisson notes duality between vertices and faces of polyhedra, early graph duality concept
ID: 450
1813
ID: 704
Prussia joins Sixth Coalition against Napoleon; Battle of Leipzig defeats Napoleon
ID: 704
1813
ID: 705
Calderari split from Carbonari - become Catholic legitimists opposing revolutionary societies
ID: 705
1813
ID: 2332
English Insolvent Debtors Act - allows non-traders to obtain release from debtors' prison after surrendering property
ID: 2332
1813
ID: 5577
Universal conscription introduced in Prussia - every male citizen owes military service, creating Landwehr (militia) system
ID: 5577
1814
ID: 707
Pope Pius VII returns to Rome after Napoleon's defeat at Leipzig
ID: 707
1814
ID: 709
Carbonari resolve to obtain constitution for Kingdom of Naples by force against Ferdinand I
ID: 709
1814
ID: 710
George Stephenson builds first practical steam locomotive using mathematical stress analysis
ID: 710
1814
ID: 3769
Treaty of Kiel - Denmark loses Norway to Sweden as punishment for supporting Napoleon
ID: 3769
1814
ID: 706
August 7, 1814
Pope Pius VII re-establishes Jesuit Order worldwide with Sollicitudo Omnium Ecclesiarum
ID: 706
1814
ID: 708
August 15, 1814
Cardinals Consalvi and Pacca issue edict forbidding all secret societies in Papal States
ID: 708
1815
ID: 711
Congress of Vienna - Prussia regains territories, gains Rhineland, leads German Confederation
ID: 711
1815
ID: 712
Post-Napoleon, Carbonari spread rapidly among those dissatisfied with Congress of Vienna settlement
ID: 712
1815
ID: 714
Cauchy develops systematic theory of limits and continuity - rigorous foundations for calculus
ID: 714
1815
ID: 715
Tsar Alexander I expands military colonies - Chuguev colony with 12,000, extreme daily regimentation
ID: 715
1815
ID: 716
St. John Vianney ordained at 29, assigned to 'godless' Ars - Christ promises pilgrimage site
ID: 716
1815
ID: 2333
Story's partnership treatise draft - Joseph Story begins work on first American partnership law treatise (published 1841)
ID: 2333
1815
ID: 713
June 18, 1815
Battle of Waterloo decided by mathematical artillery calculations - superior British gunnery
ID: 713
1816
ID: 717
Ferdinand Budan develops mathematical methods for isolating polynomial roots for engineering
ID: 717
1816
ID: 718
Novgorod military colonies expand to 90,000 - marriage control, identical houses, boys drill at age 7
ID: 718
1816
ID: 719
St. Joseph Cafasso begins prison ministry in Turin - accompanies 60 condemned to execution
ID: 719
1817
ID: 720
Insurrection at Macerata in Papal States attributed to Carbonari influence
ID: 720
1817
ID: 721
Cauchy begins rigorous reconstruction of calculus - precise definitions address Berkeley's criticisms
ID: 721
1817
ID: 722
Chuguev Revolt erupts in Ukraine military colonies - brutally suppressed, surveillance increased
ID: 722
1817
ID: 723
St. John Bosco born - mother dreams: 'You will be shepherd of many children'
ID: 723
1818
ID: 725
Russian military colonies reach 200,000 - breeding programs, forbidden customs, religious control
ID: 725
1818
ID: 726
Thomas Brown after vaccinating 1,200: 'failures now increased to alarming proportion'
ID: 726
1818
ID: 727
Schopenhauer's World as Will and Representation - blind irrational Will drives everything, pessimism only honest
ID: 727
1818
ID: 728
Ars transformation - Vianney 16 hours daily in confessional, devil attacks nightly
ID: 728
1818
ID: 724
May 5, 1818
Karl Marx born in Trier, Germany (90% Roman Catholic city)
ID: 724
1819
ID: 729
Augustin Fresnel applies mathematical wave theory to explain light diffraction
ID: 729
1819
ID: 730
Russian military colonies reach 200,000 with breeding programs and religious control
ID: 730
1819
ID: 2334
Sturges v. Crowninshield - U.S. Supreme Court upholds state bankruptcy laws in absence of federal law
ID: 2334
1820s (55 events)
1820
ID: 732
Hans Christian Oersted discovers electromagnetic induction
ID: 732
1820
ID: 735
Oersted discovers electromagnetism using mathematical analysis - new field requiring advanced math
ID: 735
1820
ID: 736
Cauchy develops systematic theory of residues in complex analysis
ID: 736
1820
ID: 737
Foreign diplomats report Russian military colonies as military prisons - economic costs exceed traditional army
ID: 737
1820
ID: 738
St. Catherine Laboure born - future visionary of Miraculous Medal
ID: 738
1820
ID: 739
Blessed Anne Catherine Emmerich has visions of Christ's Passion - My Church seems destroyed but will rise
ID: 739
1820
ID: 4463
Charles Xavier Thomas patents Arithmometer - first commercially successful mechanical calculator, 1,500 sold by 1878
ID: 4463
1820
ID: 5784
Chapman owns 1,200 acres of nurseries - not just folk hero but successful businessman, sells trees to settlers
ID: 5784
1820
ID: 733
July 1, 1820
Neapolitan Revolution begins - Morelli and Silvati march on Nola, start Carbonari revolution
ID: 733
1820
ID: 734
July 13, 1820
King Ferdinand I takes oath to Spanish constitution - Carbonari's spectacular achievement
ID: 734
1820
ID: 731
November 1820
Friedrich Engels born in Barmen, Germany - deeply pious town, conservative manufacturer father
ID: 731
1821
ID: 740
Hegel appointed to University of Berlin - philosophical system profoundly influences European thought
ID: 740
1821
ID: 741
Revolution spreads to Piedmont - Victor Emmanuel abdicates, Austrian intervention crushes movement
ID: 741
1821
ID: 743
Cauchy publishes Cours d'analyse - rigorous epsilon-delta definitions finally answer Berkeley's objections
ID: 743
1821
ID: 744
Elite Semyonovsky Regiment revolts in St. Petersburg - Tsar realizes system destabilizing military
ID: 744
1821
ID: 745
Friedrich Wohler synthesizes urea from inorganic compounds - bridges inorganic and organic chemistry
ID: 745
1821
ID: 742
September 13, 1821
Pope Pius VII issues Ecclesiam a Jesu Christo - condemns Carbonari and Freemasonry, automatic excommunication
ID: 742
1822
ID: 451
Jean-Victor Poncelet develops projective geometry with duality principles relevant to graph theory
ID: 451
1822
ID: 746
Jean-Victor Poncelet develops projective geometry for fortification sight lines and artillery angles
ID: 746
1822
ID: 747
Fourier publishes Analytical Theory of Heat - revolutionary mathematical analysis transforms engineering
ID: 747
1822
ID: 748
Multiple uprisings in Russian military colonies - disease outbreaks, psychological disorders widespread
ID: 748
1823
ID: 751
Niels Henrik Abel proves impossibility of solving quintic equations by radicals - fundamental limitations
ID: 751
1823
ID: 752
Charles Babbage begins designing Difference Engine - first attempt to mechanize mathematical calculation
ID: 752
1823
ID: 753
Charles Macintosh begins commercial production of waterproof fabric - first rubberized textile
ID: 753
1823
ID: 750
August 20, 1823
Pope Pius VII dies
ID: 750
1823
ID: 749
September 28, 1823
Pope Leo XII elected, reversing many liberal reforms of previous pontificate
ID: 749
1824
ID: 755
Karl Marx baptized Lutheran at age 6
ID: 755
1824
ID: 756
Sadi Carnot develops mathematical thermodynamics - theoretical limits of heat engines
ID: 756
1824
ID: 757
Joseph Aspdin patents Portland cement - revolutionizing construction materials
ID: 757
1824
ID: 758
St. Bernadette Soubirous born in poverty - heaven preparing Lourdes visionary
ID: 758
1824
ID: 754
May 5, 1824
Pope Leo XII issues Ubi Primum against Bible societies
ID: 754
1825
ID: 760
First passenger railway opens Stockton-Darlington using Stephenson's mathematical engineering
ID: 760
1825
ID: 761
Alexander I dies; Decembrist Revolt partly due to military colony dissatisfaction; Nicholas I inherits system
ID: 761
1825
ID: 762
Hans Christian Oersted isolates aluminum, though commercial production waits until 1880s
ID: 762
1825
ID: 2335
English Bankruptcy Consolidation Act - comprehensive reform, codifies 11 previous statutes, creates modern bankruptcy framework
ID: 2335
1825
ID: 5564
Count István Széchenyi begins reform era, donates year's income to found Hungarian Academy of Sciences
ID: 5564
1825
ID: 759
May 24, 1825
Pope Leo XII proclaims Jubilee Year with Quod Hoc Ineunte - massive pilgrimages
ID: 759
1826
ID: 764
Felix Mendelssohn revives Bach's St. Matthew Passion in Berlin - launches Bach revival
ID: 764
1826
ID: 765
Nikolai Lobachevsky develops first non-Euclidean geometry - challenges 2000-year-old Euclidean assumptions
ID: 765
1826
ID: 766
Niels Henrik Abel develops systematic theory of elliptic functions - foundation for algebraic geometry
ID: 766
1826
ID: 767
Tsar Nicholas I removes Arakcheyev from military colonies - investigations reveal abuse and failure
ID: 767
1826
ID: 768
Otto Unverdorben discovers aniline - later crucial for synthetic dye production
ID: 768
1826
ID: 763
March 13, 1826
Pope Leo XII condemns secret societies in Quo Graviora - 'beast in Apocalypse is revolutionary sect'
ID: 763
1827
ID: 769
Giuseppe Mazzini travels to Tuscany and joins Carbonari - attracted to patriotic republican ideals
ID: 769
1827
ID: 770
Georg Ohm discovers mathematical relationship between voltage, current, resistance - Ohm's Law
ID: 770
1827
ID: 771
Alexander von Humboldt begins Kosmos lectures in Berlin - popularizing scientific knowledge
ID: 771
1827
ID: 772
Russian military colonies begin converting back to normal villages under Nicholas I
ID: 772
1827
ID: 2336
Ogden v. Saunders - Supreme Court rules state bankruptcy laws cannot impair contracts made before enactment
ID: 2336
1828
ID: 773
Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi develops elliptic functions independently - theta functions and modular forms
ID: 773
1828
ID: 5703
Conrad van Houten invents cocoa press - creates cocoa powder and Dutch process, makes chocolate affordable
ID: 5703
1829
ID: 776
Janos Bolyai independently develops non-Euclidean geometry - 'created a strange new universe'
ID: 776
1829
ID: 777
Lancet reveals vaccine origin confusion - Jenner's lymph taken from horse not cow
ID: 777
1829
ID: 778
William Cobbett: Hundreds cow-poxed by Jenner himself took real small-pox afterwards
ID: 778
1829
ID: 775
February 10, 1829
Pope Leo XII dies
ID: 775
1829
ID: 774
March 31, 1829
Pope Pius VIII elected after 36-day contentious conclave - issues Traditi Humilitati
ID: 774
1830s (49 events)
1830
ID: 781
July Revolution in France occurs during Pope Pius VIII's pontificate
ID: 781
1830
ID: 783
Charles Lyell publishes Principles of Geology - applies mathematical rates to establish deep time
ID: 783
1830
ID: 784
Evariste Galois develops group theory to determine which polynomial equations have formula solutions
ID: 784
1830
ID: 787
Last Russian military colonies dissolved by Nicholas I - final revolt, 200,000 controlled for 15 years
ID: 787
1830
ID: 5785
Temperance movement targets apple cider - hard cider seen as gateway to alcoholism, orchards begin being destroyed
ID: 5785
1830
ID: 779
March 25, 1830
Pope Pius VIII issues Litteris Altero on mixed marriages - entirely disapproved and avoided
ID: 779
1830
ID: 785
July 18, 1830
Our Lady appears to St. Catherine Laboure at Rue du Bac - speaks 2 hours about mission
ID: 785
1830
ID: 782
October 31, 1830
Mazzini arrested at Genoa, interned at Savona - conceives new movement to replace Carbonari
ID: 782
1830
ID: 786
November 27, 1830
Miraculous Medal vision - Those who wear it will receive great graces - 2 million medals by 1836
ID: 786
1830
ID: 780
November 30, 1830
Pope Pius VIII dies suddenly after only 20 months in office
ID: 780
1831
ID: 789
Michael Faraday demonstrates electromagnetic induction
ID: 789
1831
ID: 790
Mazzini released from prison but confined to hamlet - conceives Young Italy as Carbonari alternative
ID: 790
1831
ID: 792
Mazzini founds Young Italy - 'God and the People' - goal of unified republican Italy
ID: 792
1831
ID: 793
Faraday discovers electromagnetic induction - mathematical relationship between magnetic fields and current
ID: 793
1831
ID: 2337
English Bankruptcy Court established - specialized court with dedicated judges replaces commissioner system
ID: 2337
1831
ID: 791
February 1831
Final Carbonari uprisings in Bologna, Parma, Modena - Austrian troops destroy volunteer force
ID: 791
1831
ID: 788
February 2, 1831
Pope Gregory XVI elected, suppresses revolts in Papal States with Austrian military assistance
ID: 788
1832
ID: 795
Evariste Galois develops group theory before dying in duel at age 20
ID: 795
1832
ID: 796
Paris cholera epidemic kills 120,000 people, 7,000 in Paris alone
ID: 796
1832
ID: 5578
Carl von Clausewitz's 'On War' published posthumously - revolutionizes military theory with concepts of friction, fog of war, and war as politics
ID: 5578
1832
ID: 794
August 15, 1832
Pope Gregory XVI issues Mirari Vos condemning liberalism and freedom of press
ID: 794
1833
ID: 443
Gauss studies linking of closed curves, founding mathematical knot theory
ID: 443
1833
ID: 797
Gauss and Weber develop mathematical theory of terrestrial magnetism - map Earth's magnetic field
ID: 797
1833
ID: 4215
Dragon sighted in Madagascar - French naturalist Sganzin reports dragon-like creature in forest, local name 'Reatolitre'
ID: 4215
1834
ID: 799
Prussian-led Zollverein established - German Customs Union creates economic unity
ID: 799
1834
ID: 800
Charles Wheatstone develops mathematical analysis of electrical resistance networks
ID: 800
1834
ID: 801
Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi develops systematic theory of determinants for linear algebra
ID: 801
1834
ID: 802
Justus von Liebig establishes laboratory at University of Giessen - trains future industrial chemists
ID: 802
1834
ID: 798
June 25, 1834
Pope Gregory XVI publishes Singulari Nos condemning Lamennais
ID: 798
1835
ID: 803
First German railway line opens Nuremberg to Furth - Prussia leads European railroad development
ID: 803
1835
ID: 804
Adolphe Quetelet applies mathematical statistics to social phenomena - creates 'average man' concept
ID: 804
1835
ID: 805
St. John Vianney - 20,000 pilgrims yearly to Ars, reads souls in confession
ID: 805
1836
ID: 806
Meyerbeer's Les Huguenots premieres at Berlin Opera - establishes Berlin as cultural center
ID: 806
1837
ID: 444
Bolzano's 'Wissenschaftslehre' presents theory of propositions and logical consequence, anticipating modern semantics
ID: 444
1837
ID: 808
Marx writes Pale Maiden poem - Thus Heaven I've forfeited, My soul chosen for Hell
ID: 808
1837
ID: 809
Marx writes Oulanem - I shall howl gigantic curses at mankind... smash to pieces with enduring curses
ID: 809
1837
ID: 810
First commercial telegraph patents filed
ID: 810
1837
ID: 811
Pierre Wantzel proves impossibility of trisecting angle and doubling cube with compass and straightedge
ID: 811
1837
ID: 812
Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet develops analytic number theory using L-functions for prime distribution
ID: 812
1837
ID: 813
Marx memorizes Mephistopheles line from Faust - Everything that exists deserves to perish
ID: 813
1837
ID: 2338
Registration of partnerships required in France - public registry of partnership agreements, partners, and capital contributions
ID: 2338
1837
ID: 4464
Babbage designs Analytical Engine - first design for general-purpose computer with mill, store, and punch card programming
ID: 4464
1837
ID: 807
March 2, 1837
Heinrich Marx writes to Karl: 'Is that demon heavenly or Faustian?'
ID: 807
1838
ID: 814
Samuel Morse develops telegraph using mathematical analysis of electrical signal transmission
ID: 814
1838
ID: 815
Justus von Liebig develops artificial fertilizer, founding agricultural chemistry industry
ID: 815
1839
ID: 817
Louis Daguerre perfects photography using mathematical analysis of light and chemistry
ID: 817
1839
ID: 818
Charles Goodyear discovers vulcanization of rubber - first engineered polymer material
ID: 818
1839
ID: 4723
First Opium War begins - Britain forces China to accept opium trade
ID: 4723
1839
ID: 816
December 3, 1839
Pope Gregory XVI condemns slave trade in bull In Supremo Apostolatus
ID: 816
1840s (79 events)
1840
ID: 445
August Ferdinand Möbius solves the 'five princes problem' using what would later be called graph coloring
ID: 445
1840
ID: 819
Frederick William IV becomes King of Prussia - initially raises hopes for liberal reform
ID: 819
1840
ID: 820
Golden Age of American Learning - 93-100% complex literacy without compulsory schooling
ID: 820
1840
ID: 821
Massachusetts School Committee under Horace Mann addresses family deterioration from industrialization
ID: 821
1840
ID: 822
UK Vaccination Act provides free vaccinations for poor, outlaws variolation
ID: 822
1840
ID: 823
Cauchy develops systematic theory of complex functions - essential for electrical engineering
ID: 823
1840
ID: 824
First compulsory vaccination laws passed in England
ID: 824
1840
ID: 825
Karl Heinzen describes Marx with small eyes like wet goblin, chanting words from Faust
ID: 825
1841
ID: 828
Marx writes The Player - Prince of Darkness sold me sword, I play dance of death
ID: 828
1841
ID: 829
Ludwig Feuerbach publishes Essence of Christianity - Theology is anthropology
ID: 829
1841
ID: 830
London population reaches 2 million
ID: 830
1841
ID: 831
St. John Bosco ordained - begins work with street children, dream of pergola of roses
ID: 831
1841
ID: 2339
Story publishes Commentaries on Partnership - first comprehensive American treatise, synthesizes common law and equity
ID: 2339
1841
ID: 5704
12-year-old slave Edmond Albius discovers hand-pollination of vanilla - breaks Mexican monopoly, enables global cultivation
ID: 5704
1841
ID: 826
January 1841
Marx publishes Savage Songs in Berlin's Athenaeum magazine
ID: 826
1841
ID: 827
March 1841
Bruno Bauer plans Archives of Atheism journal with Marx
ID: 827
1842
ID: 832
Engels writes prophetic poem about Marx - black man from Trier, remarkable monster
ID: 832
1842
ID: 833
Parliamentary investigation finds children as young as 4 working in mines
ID: 833
1842
ID: 5648
John James Audubon publishes detailed skunk illustrations in 'The Viviparous Quadrupeds of North America'
ID: 5648
1843
ID: 834
William Rowan Hamilton discovers quaternions - extends complex numbers to four dimensions
ID: 834
1843
ID: 835
Arthur Cayley begins systematic development of invariant theory
ID: 835
1843
ID: 836
Marx writes On the Jewish Question - emancipation from Judaism
ID: 836
1843
ID: 837
John Bennet Lawes establishes first superphosphate fertilizer factory at Rothamsted
ID: 837
1843
ID: 838
Kierkegaard's Either/Or - radical individual choice, leap of faith beyond reason
ID: 838
1843
ID: 839
Sister Marie of St. Peter receives Holy Face devotion at Tours Carmel - Golden Arrow prayer
ID: 839
1843
ID: 840
Christ reveals Golden Arrow Prayer as reparation for blasphemy - will heal wounds
ID: 840
1844
ID: 842
Silesian Weavers' Uprising - social unrest due to industrialization and poor working conditions
ID: 842
1844
ID: 843
British Joint Stock Companies Act - first law requiring annual financial statements and audits
ID: 843
1844
ID: 844
First long-distance telegraph line Washington to Baltimore - Morse sends first message
ID: 844
1844
ID: 845
Garibaldi regularizes Masonic position joining Les Amis de la Patrie in Montevideo
ID: 845
1844
ID: 846
Joseph Liouville proves existence of transcendental numbers not roots of polynomial equations
ID: 846
1844
ID: 847
Hermann Grassmann develops theory of vector spaces and exterior algebra
ID: 847
1844
ID: 848
Vulcanized rubber products first sold commercially by Charles Goodyear
ID: 848
1844
ID: 849
Major smallpox epidemic - 1/3 of vaccinated contract mild smallpox, 8% die, more admissions than 1781
ID: 849
1844
ID: 850
Marx's Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts - material production determines consciousness
ID: 850
1844
ID: 851
Stirner's The Ego and Its Own - pure nominalist egoism, I am the creative nothing
ID: 851
1844
ID: 852
St. Bernadette age 10 - asthma forces countryside, practicing severe penances for sinners
ID: 852
1844
ID: 2340
Joint Stock Companies Act - first general incorporation in England, registration without special charter, but unlimited liability remains
ID: 2340
1844
ID: 841
May 8, 1844
Pope Gregory XVI condemns Bible societies in Inter Praecipuas
ID: 841
1845
ID: 853
Telegraph lines spread rapidly across America and Europe
ID: 853
1845
ID: 854
Gustav Kirchhoff develops mathematical laws for electrical circuits - systematic engineering design
ID: 854
1845
ID: 855
Christian Friedrich Schonbein discovers gun cotton (nitrocellulose) - first synthetic polymer
ID: 855
1845
ID: 5786
March 1845
Johnny Appleseed dies in Fort Wayne - planted estimated 100,000 square miles of apple trees across frontier
ID: 5786
1845
ID: 5680
September 1845
Irish Potato Famine begins - Phytophthora infestans destroys crops, one million die, two million emigrate
ID: 5680
1846
ID: 859
Garibaldi writes to Pius IX offering hands to service of Church and fatherland
ID: 859
1846
ID: 860
Le Verrier and Adams independently predict Neptune's existence using mathematics - found within 1 degree
ID: 860
1846
ID: 861
Joseph Liouville develops theory of transcendental numbers - classification of real numbers
ID: 861
1846
ID: 862
Nitrocellulose begins commercial production for explosives and later plastics
ID: 862
1846
ID: 856
June 1, 1846
Pope Gregory XVI dies
ID: 856
1846
ID: 857
June 16, 1846
Pope Pius IX elected, initially seen as liberal reformer
ID: 857
1846
ID: 858
November 1846
Pope Pius IX issues Qui Pluribus declaring communism absolutely contrary to natural law
ID: 858
1847
ID: 362
George Boole publishes 'The Mathematical Analysis of Logic', introducing algebraic methods to logic and founding Boolean algebra
ID: 362
1847
ID: 373
Augustus De Morgan publishes 'Formal Logic', independently developing algebraic logic and formulating De Morgan's laws
ID: 373
1847
ID: 404
Gustav Kirchhoff develops theory of trees in electrical circuit analysis, introducing spanning trees
ID: 404
1847
ID: 446
Arthur Cayley begins studying trees to enumerate chemical isomers, connecting graph theory to chemistry
ID: 446
1847
ID: 448
Johann Benedict Listing coins the term 'topology' in his 'Vorstudien zur Topologie'
ID: 448
1847
ID: 449
The year 1847 sees both Boole's 'Mathematical Analysis of Logic' and De Morgan's 'Formal Logic', marking birth of modern mathematical logic
ID: 449
1847
ID: 863
Mazzini writes to Pius IX about laying foundations of moral unity, Humanitarian Catholicism
ID: 863
1847
ID: 864
George Boole develops mathematical logic - algebra of logic, foundation for computer science
ID: 864
1848
ID: 866
Marx and Engels publish Communist Manifesto - deliberately use words specter, haunting, exorcise
ID: 866
1848
ID: 867
Communist ten-point program: abolish property, inheritance, progressive tax, state control
ID: 867
1848
ID: 868
St. John Bosco founds Oratory - boys dying see heaven, multiplication of food witnessed
ID: 868
1848
ID: 2341
Cox v. Hickman - House of Lords rules profit-sharing alone doesn't create partnership, intention required
ID: 2341
1848
ID: 865
March 1848
March Revolution in Berlin - Frederick William IV forced to grant constitutional monarchy
ID: 865
1848
ID: 5565
March 15, 1848
Hungarian Revolution of 1848 begins - Lajos Kossuth demands independence from Austria
ID: 5565
1849
ID: 870
Frederick William IV rejects German crown from Frankfurt Parliament - crown from the gutter
ID: 870
1849
ID: 873
Pope Pius IX issues Nostis Et Nobiscum calling socialism and communism wicked theories
ID: 873
1849
ID: 874
Marx infant son Heinrich Guido dies during harsh winter poverty
ID: 874
1849
ID: 875
Mazzini publishes scathing attack on Pope Pius IX encyclical - evolution to opposition
ID: 875
1849
ID: 876
Hippolyte Fizeau measures speed of light using mathematical analysis of rotating gears
ID: 876
1849
ID: 877
Henry Mayhew describes London water as color of strong green tea, solid as black marble
ID: 877
1849
ID: 878
Cholera hits London - 14,137 deaths, worst in London's history
ID: 878
1849
ID: 2342
Limited Partnership Act (New York) - first American limited partnership statute, based on French commandite
ID: 2342
1849
ID: 2343
English Insolvent Debtors Act extended - all persons can petition for insolvency, not just traders
ID: 2343
1849
ID: 3770
Danish Constitution signed - Frederick VII ends absolute monarchy, establishes constitutional monarchy
ID: 3770
1849
ID: 871
May 1849
Marx states: We have no compassion, when our turn comes we shall not make excuses for terror
ID: 871
1849
ID: 872
May 1849
Marx: only revolutionary terror can shorten murderous death agonies of old society
ID: 872
1849
ID: 5566
August 13, 1849
Hungarian Revolution crushed by combined Austrian and Russian armies at Világos
ID: 5566
1849
ID: 869
December 8, 1849
Pope Pius IX issues Nostis et Nobiscum on discipline and union
ID: 869
1850s (58 events)
1850
ID: 879
Punctation of Olmutz - Prussia backs down from confrontation with Austria
ID: 879
1850
ID: 880
Herbert Spencer develops Social Darwinism - nature's effort to get rid of unfit
ID: 880
1850
ID: 881
George Stokes develops systematic theory of fluid dynamics mathematics - Stokes equations
ID: 881
1850
ID: 882
Robert Bunsen develops Bunsen burner at University of Heidelberg
ID: 882
1850
ID: 883
New York had 8,141 cellars sheltering 18,456 people
ID: 883
1850
ID: 884
Chicago milk from diseased cows causes 8,000 child deaths annually in New York
ID: 884
1850
ID: 885
St. Anthony Mary Claret founds Claretians - survives 15 assassination attempts
ID: 885
1850
ID: 4722
Taiping Rebellion begins - Hong Xiuquan claims to be brother of Jesus, 20-30 million die
ID: 4722
1851
ID: 887
First submarine telegraph cable laid across English Channel
ID: 887
1851
ID: 888
Bernhard Riemann develops foundations of differential geometry for curved spaces
ID: 888
1851
ID: 889
Riemann develops theory of Riemann surfaces - multi-valued complex functions
ID: 889
1851
ID: 886
June 1851
Marx's illegitimate child born to maid Lenchen - Engels claims paternity to cover
ID: 886
1852
ID: 405
Francis Guthrie proposes the Four Color Problem while coloring a map of English counties
ID: 405
1852
ID: 890
Uncle Tom's Cabin published - Elite obsession with saving underclasses
ID: 890
1852
ID: 891
Massachusetts implements first compulsory education law
ID: 891
1852
ID: 892
Theodor Fontane begins work as war correspondent, later Prussia's greatest realist novelist
ID: 892
1853
ID: 893
UK Vaccination Act orders mandatory vaccination for infants up to 3 months old
ID: 893
1853
ID: 894
Lord Lyttelton: unnecessary to speak of certainty of vaccination - medical profession unanimous
ID: 894
1853
ID: 895
England makes vaccination compulsory within 3 months of birth
ID: 895
1854
ID: 363
George Boole publishes 'An Investigation of the Laws of Thought', fully developing Boolean algebra and mathematical logic
ID: 363
1854
ID: 897
John Gibbs: compulsory vaccination first direct aggression upon person in medical matters
ID: 897
1854
ID: 898
Institution of Accountants in Glasgow founded - world's first professional accounting body
ID: 898
1854
ID: 899
Riemann lectures On Hypotheses Which Lie at Foundations of Geometry - challenges space assumptions
ID: 899
1854
ID: 900
George Boole publishes Investigation of Laws of Thought - algebraic foundation for computer science
ID: 900
1854
ID: 901
First reinforced concrete structure built by Francois Coignet in France
ID: 901
1854
ID: 902
John Snow identifies contaminated water pump as cholera source in London
ID: 902
1854
ID: 903
Chicago cholera outbreak kills 3,500 people - 5.5% of population
ID: 903
1854
ID: 896
December 8, 1854
Pope Pius IX proclaims dogma of Immaculate Conception - Mary preserved from original sin
ID: 896
1855
ID: 904
Marx's son Edgar dies of intestinal tuberculosis at age 8
ID: 904
1855
ID: 905
Massachusetts enacts comprehensive vaccination laws
ID: 905
1855
ID: 906
Yellow fever devastates Norfolk, Virginia
ID: 906
1855
ID: 2344
Limited Liability Act - shareholders' liability limited to unpaid share amount, revolution in corporate finance
ID: 2344
1856
ID: 907
William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) uses mathematical analysis to lay first transatlantic telegraph cable
ID: 907
1856
ID: 908
William Henry Perkin discovers mauveine, first synthetic dye, while attempting to synthesize quinine
ID: 908
1856
ID: 909
Sir John Simon: after vaccination, no contact with smallpox patients will cause susceptibility
ID: 909
1856
ID: 2345
Joint Stock Companies Act consolidation - general incorporation with limited liability by simple registration
ID: 2345
1857
ID: 406
William Rowan Hamilton invents the Icosian game, introducing Hamiltonian paths and cycles
ID: 406
1857
ID: 407
Arthur Cayley begins enumerating trees, motivated by counting chemical isomers
ID: 407
1857
ID: 910
Arthur Cayley develops systematic matrix algebra - foundation for linear algebra
ID: 910
1857
ID: 911
Perkin's mauveine dye first sold commercially, launching synthetic dye industry
ID: 911
1857
ID: 5579
Helmuth von Moltke the Elder becomes Chief of Prussian General Staff - begins modernizing army with railways and telegraph
ID: 5579
1858
ID: 447
Möbius and Listing independently discover the Möbius strip, a one-sided surface
ID: 447
1858
ID: 912
Wilhelm I becomes regent as Frederick William IV becomes incapacitated
ID: 912
1858
ID: 913
First transatlantic telegraph cable laid but failed after few weeks
ID: 913
1858
ID: 914
August Mobius discovers Mobius strip - challenges intuitive concepts of geometry
ID: 914
1858
ID: 915
February 11, 1858
Our Lady of Lourdes - 18 apparitions to Bernadette, I AM THE IMMACULATE CONCEPTION
ID: 915
1858
ID: 4584
April 23, 1858
Max Planck born in Kiel, Holstein - sixth child of law professor, shown early talent in music and physics
ID: 4584
1859
ID: 916
Darwin's Origin of Species provides justification for treating children as categories - demolishes dogmatic barriers
ID: 916
1859
ID: 917
Kirchhoff and Bunsen develop spectroscopy at German universities - revolutionizes astronomy and chemistry
ID: 917
1859
ID: 918
Publication of Alta Vendita - Carbonari plan to infiltrate Catholic Church and spread liberal ideas
ID: 918
1859
ID: 919
Charles Darwin publishes Origin of Species with mathematical arguments and statistical analysis
ID: 919
1859
ID: 920
Edwin Drake drills first commercial oil well in Titusville, Pennsylvania - begins petroleum industry
ID: 920
1859
ID: 921
Darwin's Origin of Species - man descended from animals, no purpose, mind from matter
ID: 921
1859
ID: 922
Mill's On Liberty - individual freedom supreme but no transcendent foundation for rights
ID: 922
1859
ID: 924
London sewage system construction begins under Joseph Bazalgette
ID: 924
1859
ID: 925
Blessed Leon Dupont promotes Holy Face devotion - oil lamp becomes miraculous, thousands healed
ID: 925
1859
ID: 5580
Albrecht von Roon becomes Prussian War Minister - proposes army reorganization extending service to 3 years, strengthening regular army over Landwehr
ID: 5580
1859
ID: 923
August 4, 1859
St. John Vianney dies - 100,000 pilgrims yearly, promoted Holy Face devotion, body incorrupt
ID: 923
1860s (73 events)
1860
ID: 374
De Morgan's 'Syllabus of a Proposed System of Logic' extends logical notation and develops the logic of relations
ID: 374
1860
ID: 927
Karl Weierstrass develops systematic theory of analytic functions - precise calculation for engineering
ID: 927
1860
ID: 928
Henry Bessemer patents Bessemer process for mass-producing steel - revolutionizes materials science
ID: 928
1860
ID: 926
June 1860
Garibaldi raised to degree of Master Mason in newly conquered Palermo
ID: 926
1861
ID: 929
Wilhelm I becomes King of Prussia
ID: 929
1861
ID: 930
Mill's Utilitarianism - greatest happiness for greatest number, ethics becomes calculation
ID: 930
1861
ID: 2346
English Bankruptcy Act - abolishes debtors' prisons except for fraud, bankruptcy becomes economic not moral issue
ID: 2346
1861
ID: 5627
June 19, 1861
Birth of José Rizal, national hero of the Philippines, whose writings inspired the Philippine Revolution
ID: 5627
1862
ID: 931
Otto von Bismarck appointed Minister President of Prussia during constitutional crisis
ID: 931
1862
ID: 932
Morrill Act established land-grant colleges
ID: 932
1862
ID: 933
Marx states: Blessed is he who has no family
ID: 933
1862
ID: 935
Marx to Lafargue: If I had to live my life over again, I would not marry
ID: 935
1862
ID: 936
Marx to Engels: For fourteen days the devil has been hurling shit at my head
ID: 936
1862
ID: 937
Supreme Council of Scottish Rite gives Garibaldi title of Grand Master
ID: 937
1862
ID: 938
Richard Dedekind develops rigorous construction of real numbers - foundation for continuous quantities
ID: 938
1862
ID: 939
St. Gabriel of Our Lady of Sorrows dies at 24 - passionate devotion to Sorrowful Mother and Holy Face
ID: 939
1862
ID: 2347
Companies Act consolidates English corporate law - model for Commonwealth countries, spreads limited liability globally
ID: 2347
1862
ID: 5581
Prussian constitutional crisis begins - parliament refuses military budget, Bismarck rules without approval to fund Roon's army reforms
ID: 5581
1862
ID: 5582
Moltke institutionalizes Kriegsspiel (war games) for general staff training - officers practice campaigns on detailed maps with dice for friction
ID: 5582
1862
ID: 5649
First commercial skunk fur farm established in New York state
ID: 5649
1862
ID: 934
July 30, 1862
Marx calls son-in-law Lafargue Negrillo and The Gorilla - blemish found in negro tribe
ID: 934
1863
ID: 940
Ferdinand Lassalle founds first German workers party in Prussia - state socialism approach
ID: 940
1863
ID: 941
James Clerk Maxwell begins developing systematic electromagnetic field theory
ID: 941
1863
ID: 942
Friedrich Bayer and Johann Weskott found Bayer & Co. in German Confederation
ID: 942
1863
ID: 943
Alexander Parkes produces celluloid precursors commercially as Parkesine
ID: 943
1864
ID: 375
William Stanley Jevons publishes 'Pure Logic', critiquing and simplifying Boole's system
ID: 375
1864
ID: 944
Pope Pius IX issues Syllabus of Errors condemning 80 modern propositions
ID: 944
1864
ID: 945
Second Schleswig War - Prussia and Austria defeat Denmark, gain Schleswig-Holstein
ID: 945
1864
ID: 5539
Daewongun becomes regent, enforces strict isolation policy - Korea becomes 'Hermit Kingdom'
ID: 5539
1864
ID: 5583
Moltke perfects railway mobilization plans - Prussia can concentrate armies faster than any European power using detailed timetables
ID: 5583
1864
ID: 5584
Prussian army fully equipped with Dreyse needle gun - breech-loading rifle allows soldiers to fire prone at 5 rounds per minute
ID: 5584
1865
ID: 946
Rudolf Clausius formulates second law of thermodynamics at University of Berlin
ID: 946
1865
ID: 947
Maxwell publishes unified electromagnetic field equations - predicts electromagnetic waves
ID: 947
1865
ID: 948
August Kekule proposes ring structure of benzene at University of Bonn
ID: 948
1865
ID: 949
Dr. Semmelweis dies after promoting handwashing
ID: 949
1865
ID: 950
Sewage Utilization Act and Sanitary Act passed
ID: 950
1865
ID: 2348
Pooley v. Driver - partnership creditors have priority over partners' individual creditors in partnership assets
ID: 2348
1865
ID: 5585
Prussian army adopts flexible company column tactics - independent unit maneuver replaces rigid line formations, emphasizing firepower
ID: 5585
1866
ID: 951
Austro-Prussian War - Prussia defeats Austria at Battle of Koniggratz
ID: 951
1866
ID: 952
North German Confederation formed under Prussian leadership, excluding Austria
ID: 952
1866
ID: 953
Successful permanent transatlantic telegraph cable established using Maxwell's mathematics
ID: 953
1866
ID: 954
NYC creates municipal board of health, closes basement dwellings
ID: 954
1866
ID: 955
Marie-Julie Jahenny receives stigmata - Christ reveals coming chastisements and triumph
ID: 955
1866
ID: 5125
Venice joins Kingdom of Italy - after Austrian defeat in Austro-Prussian War, Venice votes to join unified Italy
ID: 5125
1866
ID: 5540
Great Persecution of 1866 - 8,000 Korean Catholics killed including French missionaries
ID: 5540
1866
ID: 5586
Moltke implements Auftragstaktik (mission-type tactics) - subordinate commanders given objectives but freedom in execution
ID: 5586
1866
ID: 5588
Seven Weeks' War ends - Prussia's military reforms proven decisive, Moltke's planning and modern army crush traditional Austrian forces
ID: 5588
1866
ID: 5587
July 3, 1866
Battle of Koniggratz (Sadowa) - Moltke's converging armies crush Austrians using superior tactics, needle guns, and artillery concentration
ID: 5587
1867
ID: 956
Constitution of North German Confederation established with Bismarck as Chancellor
ID: 956
1867
ID: 957
Karl Marx publishes Das Kapital Volume I drawing on Prussian industrial conditions
ID: 957
1867
ID: 958
UK Vaccination Act extends mandatory vaccination to age 14 with penalties for refusal
ID: 958
1867
ID: 960
Charles Marx publishes Das Kapital using mathematical analysis and calculus for economic systems
ID: 960
1867
ID: 961
Alfred Nobel patents dynamite, combining chemistry with materials engineering
ID: 961
1867
ID: 962
Joseph Monier patents reinforced concrete, combining steel and concrete
ID: 962
1867
ID: 963
England passes stricter Vaccination Act with fines for non-compliance
ID: 963
1867
ID: 2349
Second U.S. Bankruptcy Act - passed after Civil War, applies to all persons not just traders, involuntary and voluntary
ID: 2349
1867
ID: 4266
Christopher Sholes completes first practical typewriter prototype with QWERTY keyboard layout to prevent jamming
ID: 4266
1867
ID: 5567
Austro-Hungarian Compromise creates Dual Monarchy, Hungary gains internal autonomy
ID: 5567
1867
ID: 5589
Prussian army adopts Krupp steel breech-loading artillery - superior range and rate of fire over bronze muzzle-loaders
ID: 5589
1867
ID: 959
May 1867
Garibaldi appeals for Masonic unity - masonic unity will lead to political unity of Italy
ID: 959
1868
ID: 964
Bell invents telephone concept through mathematical understanding of sound transmission
ID: 964
1868
ID: 965
BASF (Badische Anilin- und Soda-Fabrik) founded in Baden, later joins German Empire
ID: 965
1868
ID: 4267
June 23, 1868
Sholes, Glidden, and Soule receive U.S. Patent 79,265 for 'Type-Writer' - foundation of modern typing
ID: 4267
1869
ID: 376
Jevons constructs his 'logical piano', a mechanical device for solving problems in Boolean logic - first logic machine
ID: 376
1869
ID: 966
First issue of Nature journal proclaims worship of Nature - She is all things...omnipotent
ID: 966
1869
ID: 967
Anti-vaccination journal The Anti-Vaccinator founded
ID: 967
1869
ID: 968
Dmitri Mendeleev creates periodic table using mathematical patterns in atomic weights
ID: 968
1869
ID: 969
John Wesley Hyatt begins commercial production of celluloid for billiard balls
ID: 969
1869
ID: 971
Pope Pius IX convenes First Vatican Council
ID: 971
1869
ID: 2350
Debtors Act abolishes imprisonment for debt in England - except for deliberate refusal to pay when able
ID: 2350
1869
ID: 5590
Moltke develops Vernichtungsgedanke (annihilation concept) - strategic encirclement to destroy enemy armies, not just defeat them
ID: 5590
1869
ID: 5591
Moltke introduces staff rides - officers study actual terrain where battles might occur, practicing reconnaissance and planning
ID: 5591
1869
ID: 970
August 1869
Mrs. Anne Sipple imprisoned 7 days hard labor with 18-month infant on bread and water
ID: 970
1870s (71 events)
1870
ID: 377
Charles Sanders Peirce publishes 'Description of a Notation for the Logic of Relatives', extending Boole's logic to relations
ID: 377
1870
ID: 972
First Vatican Council declares papal infallibility doctrine under Pope Pius IX
ID: 972
1870
ID: 973
Franco-Prussian War begins after Bismarck's manipulation of Ems Dispatch telegram
ID: 973
1870
ID: 974
J.T. Biggs becomes Secretary of Leicester Anti-Vaccination League
ID: 974
1870
ID: 975
Kingdom of Italy captures Rome; Pope Pius IX becomes prisoner of the Vatican
ID: 975
1870
ID: 977
Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales established - creates CA designation
ID: 977
1870
ID: 978
Leopold Kronecker develops theory of algebraic equations systematically
ID: 978
1870
ID: 976
November 1, 1870
Pope Pius IX refuses to recognize Kingdom of Italy with encyclical Respicientes
ID: 976
1871
ID: 979
Devastating smallpox pandemic - Bavaria: 95.7% of 30,742 cases were vaccinated persons
ID: 979
1871
ID: 980
Germany 1870-1885: one million vaccinated persons died from small-pox
ID: 980
1871
ID: 981
January 17, 1871
Our Lady of Pontmain appears during Franco-Prussian War - My Son allows Himself to be moved
ID: 981
1872
ID: 982
Heinrich Schliemann begins excavations of Troy, funded partly by Prussian patronage
ID: 982
1872
ID: 983
Kulturkampf: Bismarck's conflict with Catholic Church over state control of education
ID: 983
1872
ID: 984
Bismarck bans Social Democratic Party while introducing social insurance
ID: 984
1872
ID: 985
Felix Klein publishes Erlangen Program defining geometry through group theory
ID: 985
1872
ID: 986
Richard Dedekind develops theory of algebraic integers - systematic study of number fields
ID: 986
1872
ID: 987
Boston experiences worst epidemic since vaccination began - 1,040 deaths
ID: 987
1872
ID: 988
Japan begins compulsory vaccination
ID: 988
1872
ID: 989
Nietzsche's Birth of Tragedy - Apollonian vs Dionysian, life justified only as aesthetic phenomenon
ID: 989
1872
ID: 4465
Frank Baldwin patents pinwheel calculator in America - improves on European designs with variable-toothed gear
ID: 4465
1873
ID: 990
Pope Pius IX's Etsi multa claims Freemasonry motivating force behind Kulturkampf
ID: 990
1873
ID: 991
Charles Hermite proves e is transcendental - demonstrates constants beyond algebraic numbers
ID: 991
1873
ID: 992
Charles Hermite develops systematic theory of quadratic forms for statistical analysis
ID: 992
1873
ID: 993
Memphis hit by yellow fever, smallpox, and cholera simultaneously
ID: 993
1873
ID: 994
Our Lady of Akita appears to Sister Agnes Sasagawa - warns of infiltration in Church
ID: 994
1873
ID: 995
St. Therese of Lisieux born - will teach Little Way to counter modern complexity
ID: 995
1873
ID: 4246
Remington Arms Company begins manufacturing typewriters designed by Christopher Sholes - first commercial typewriter
ID: 4246
1873
ID: 4959
January 2, 1873
Birth of St. Thérèse of Lisieux in France - future Doctor of the Church and 'Little Flower'
ID: 4959
1874
ID: 996
Helmholtz Institute established in Berlin for experimental psychology and physics research
ID: 996
1874
ID: 997
National Anti-Compulsory Vaccination Reporter journal founded
ID: 997
1874
ID: 998
Georg Cantor begins development of set theory and theory of infinite sets
ID: 998
1874
ID: 2351
U.S. Bankruptcy Act amended - allows compositions with creditors, 50% can bind all if court approves
ID: 2351
1874
ID: 4466
Willgodt Odhner perfects pinwheel calculator in Russia - his design manufactured worldwide, 500,000+ units made
ID: 4466
1874
ID: 4585
Max Planck enters University of Munich at age 16 - studies physics under Philipp von Jolly who advises against physics career
ID: 4585
1874
ID: 5709
Synthetic vanillin first produced from pine bark - now 99% of vanilla flavoring is artificial
ID: 5709
1875
ID: 999
German socialist parties merge in Prussia creating Gotha Program - Marx writes critique
ID: 999
1875
ID: 1000
London main drainage system completed
ID: 1000
1875
ID: 5705
Daniel Peter invents milk chocolate using Nestlé's powdered milk - Swiss chocolate industry born
ID: 5705
1876
ID: 1001
Alexander Graham Bell invents telephone using mathematical analysis of sound waves and Fourier analysis
ID: 1001
1876
ID: 1002
Dedekind and Heinrich Weber develop theory of algebraic function fields - foundation for cryptography
ID: 1002
1876
ID: 1003
BASF begins producing synthetic indigo, competing with natural indigo imports
ID: 1003
1876
ID: 1004
St. Gemma Galgani born - future stigmatist
ID: 1004
1876
ID: 1005
Blessed Elena Guerra begins promoting Holy Spirit devotion - Christ: World has forgotten Holy Spirit
ID: 1005
1876
ID: 4268
Melvil Dewey founds Library Bureau to supply library and office equipment - pioneers modern filing supplies
ID: 4268
1876
ID: 5541
Treaty of Ganghwa forced by Japan - Korea opens ports, begins end of isolation
ID: 5541
1876
ID: 5706
Henry Wickham smuggles 70,000 rubber seeds from Brazil to Kew Gardens - breaks Brazilian monopoly, enables Asian plantations
ID: 5706
1877
ID: 378
Ernst Schröder begins publishing 'Der Operationskreis des Logikkalküls', systematizing Boolean algebra
ID: 378
1877
ID: 1006
Cantor proves real numbers are uncountably infinite - multiple sizes of infinity exist
ID: 1006
1877
ID: 1007
Georg Frobenius develops systematic group representation theory - essential for quantum mechanics
ID: 1007
1877
ID: 1008
Milk inspection begins in Chicago
ID: 1008
1878
ID: 408
James Joseph Sylvester coins the term 'graph' in the context of molecular diagrams
ID: 408
1878
ID: 1012
Congress of Berlin - Bismarck acts as honest broker in resolving Eastern Question crisis
ID: 1012
1878
ID: 1013
William Hume-Rothery: Parliament must protect rights of man, vaccination acts trample parent rights
ID: 1013
1878
ID: 1014
First telephone exchange opens in New Haven, Connecticut
ID: 1014
1878
ID: 1015
Cinnamon successfully treats cholera outbreak on Indian emigrant ship - every case recovered
ID: 1015
1878
ID: 2352
U.S. Bankruptcy Act repealed again - opposition from agrarian interests, states resume control
ID: 2352
1878
ID: 1011
February 7, 1878
Pope Pius IX dies
ID: 1011
1878
ID: 1009
February 20, 1878
Pope Leo XIII elected, issues first encyclical Inscrutabili Dei Consilio on evils affecting society
ID: 1009
1878
ID: 1010
December 28, 1878
Pope Leo XIII condemns socialism in Quod Apostolici Muneris - pest creeping into fibres of society
ID: 1010
1879
ID: 364
Gottlob Frege publishes 'Begriffsschrift', introducing predicate logic with quantifiers and establishing modern symbolic logic
ID: 364
1879
ID: 409
Alfred Kempe publishes a 'proof' of the Four Color Theorem (later shown to be flawed)
ID: 409
1879
ID: 1017
Dual Alliance between Germany and Austria-Hungary established
ID: 1017
1879
ID: 1018
William Tebb founds Anti-Vaccination Society of America in New York; Vaccination Inquirer founded
ID: 1018
1879
ID: 1019
Thomas Edison perfects the incandescent light bulb
ID: 1019
1879
ID: 1020
Gottlob Frege publishes Begriffsschrift, creating mathematical logic notation
ID: 1020
1879
ID: 1021
Georg Cantor develops systematic theory of ordinal numbers - analysis of different types of infinity
ID: 1021
1879
ID: 1022
Constantin Fahlberg discovers saccharin in Ira Remsen's laboratory at Johns Hopkins
ID: 1022
1879
ID: 4469
James Ritty invents cash register - mechanical calculator for business transactions, sold to NCR in 1884
ID: 4469
1879
ID: 4586
Planck receives doctorate from Munich - dissertation on second law of thermodynamics, age 21
ID: 4586
1879
ID: 1016
August 4, 1879
Pope Leo XIII issues Aeterni Patris promoting Thomistic philosophy in seminaries
ID: 1016
1879
ID: 1023
August 21, 1879
Our Lady of Knock - silent apparition with St. Joseph, St. John, Lamb on altar, 15 witnesses
ID: 1023
1880s (86 events)
1880
ID: 379
John Venn publishes 'On the Diagrammatic and Mechanical Representation of Propositions', introducing Venn diagrams
ID: 379
1880
ID: 1024
Ben-Hur published - Converting Jews to Christianity
ID: 1024
1880
ID: 1025
American Association of Public Accountants founded in New York - predecessor to AICPA
ID: 1025
1880
ID: 1026
Second US foot-and-mouth outbreak
ID: 1026
1880
ID: 1027
Dark, desperate, impossible decade with widespread malnutrition
ID: 1027
1880
ID: 1028
Garibaldi: I am Christian but Pope who wishes all men slaves does not know Christ
ID: 1028
1880
ID: 1029
Commercial production of synthetic alizarin begins, replacing natural madder root
ID: 1029
1881
ID: 1030
Anti-vaccination riot in Leicester - 400 protesters disrupt auction of goods seized from refusing parents
ID: 1030
1881
ID: 1032
First electric street lighting in cities begins
ID: 1032
1881
ID: 1033
Josiah Willard Gibbs develops mathematical thermodynamics and statistical mechanics
ID: 1033
1881
ID: 1031
December 2, 1881
Jenny Marx dies; buried in unconsecrated ground
ID: 1031
1882
ID: 1034
Triple Alliance formed between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy
ID: 1034
1882
ID: 1035
Robert Koch discovers tuberculosis bacillus in Berlin, pioneering modern bacteriology
ID: 1035
1882
ID: 1036
Atlantic Monthly warned European immigrants upsetting homogeneity on which free government must rest
ID: 1036
1882
ID: 1037
New England Anti-Compulsory Vaccination League formed; Anti-Vaccination League of America holds first meeting
ID: 1037
1882
ID: 1038
Edison Electric Light Company implements first systematic cost accounting for utilities
ID: 1038
1882
ID: 1039
Edison's Pearl Street Station opens in New York City - first central power plant
ID: 1039
1882
ID: 1041
Ferdinand von Lindemann proves pi is transcendental - definitively resolves ancient circle squaring problem
ID: 1041
1882
ID: 1042
Felix Klein develops systematic theory of automorphic functions - foundation for number theory
ID: 1042
1882
ID: 1043
Nietzsche's Gay Science - God is dead, no facts only interpretations, truth is mobile army of metaphors
ID: 1043
1882
ID: 1040
June 2, 1882
Death of Giuseppe Garibaldi - Grand Master of Grand Orient, final statement: Man created God
ID: 1040
1883
ID: 380
Peirce develops the theory of quantification independently of Frege, introducing existential graphs
ID: 380
1883
ID: 1044
Prussian social insurance system established, becoming model for welfare states worldwide
ID: 1044
1883
ID: 1046
Georg Cantor develops transfinite arithmetic - mathematical system for calculating with infinities
ID: 1046
1883
ID: 1047
Bayer begins producing synthetic indigo commercially from its base in German Empire
ID: 1047
1883
ID: 1048
Major cholera pandemic kills 250,000 Europeans
ID: 1048
1883
ID: 1049
Nietzsche's Thus Spoke Zarathustra - Ubermensch as goal, will to power, transvaluation of values
ID: 1049
1883
ID: 2353
English Bankruptcy Act - Official Receiver created, public official supervises all bankruptcies
ID: 2353
1883
ID: 1045
March 17, 1883
Karl Marx dies; buried with red communist wreaths instead of cross
ID: 1045
1884
ID: 1053
Pope Leo XIII immediately composes St. Michael Prayer after vision of Satan's request
ID: 1053
1884
ID: 1054
Engels publishes Origin of Family, Private Property and State - advocates destroying traditional family
ID: 1054
1884
ID: 1055
Electrical power systems expand in major cities
ID: 1055
1884
ID: 1056
Heinrich Hertz confirms Maxwell's prediction of electromagnetic waves - validates mathematical physics
ID: 1056
1884
ID: 1057
Sophus Lie develops systematic theory of transformation groups - continuous symmetries
ID: 1057
1884
ID: 1058
Emil Fischer begins work on sugar chemistry at University of Erlangen - advances pharmaceutical chemistry
ID: 1058
1884
ID: 1059
Third US foot-and-mouth outbreak
ID: 1059
1884
ID: 1060
Leicester Mercury: All recent smallpox outbreaks appear among populations with rigorous vaccination
ID: 1060
1884
ID: 1061
Arthur Ward case: Wife dies from stress of vaccination enforcement while pregnant
ID: 1061
1884
ID: 4216
Herman Hollerith files first patent application for his electromechanical punched card tabulator while working at U.S. Patent Office
ID: 4216
1884
ID: 1050
January 6, 1884
Pope Leo XIII institutes Leonine Prayers after Low Mass for defense of papal independence
ID: 1050
1884
ID: 1051
April 20, 1884
Pope Leo XIII condemns Freemasonry in Humanum Genus - human race separated into two opposite parts
ID: 1051
1884
ID: 1052
October 13, 1884
Pope Leo XIII has terrifying vision during Mass - Satan asks 75-100 years to destroy Church
ID: 1052
1885
ID: 381
Peirce distinguishes between first-order and second-order logic in his Johns Hopkins lectures
ID: 381
1885
ID: 1063
Carl Zeiss and Ernst Abbe perfect optical instruments in Jena, making German optics world-leading
ID: 1063
1885
ID: 1065
Leicester Demonstration Resolution: Compulsory vaccination subversive of personal liberty, tyrannical and unjust
ID: 1065
1885
ID: 1066
Anti-Vaccination League of New York City formed; Montreal mob attacks health board over mandatory vaccination
ID: 1066
1885
ID: 1067
Home Insurance Building in Chicago becomes first steel-frame skyscraper
ID: 1067
1885
ID: 1068
Councillor Butcher: Best way to get rid of smallpox is water, good food, light and airy houses
ID: 1068
1885
ID: 4468
William Burroughs develops first practical adding machine with printer - founds American Arithmometer Company
ID: 4468
1885
ID: 4587
Planck appointed associate professor at Kiel - begins work on thermodynamics and entropy
ID: 4587
1885
ID: 1064
March 23, 1885
Great Leicester Demonstration: 80,000-100,000 anti-vaccinators march with coffin and Jenner effigy
ID: 1064
1885
ID: 1069
April 9, 1885
St. Therese enters Carmel at age 15 - takes name Therese of Child Jesus and Holy Face
ID: 1069
1885
ID: 1062
November 1, 1885
Pope Leo XIII issues Immortale Dei on Christian constitution of states
ID: 1062
1886
ID: 1070
Pope Leo XIII officially adds St. Michael Prayer to Leonine Prayers, mandating after all Low Masses
ID: 1070
1886
ID: 1071
Ernst Haeckel coins term ecology and promotes Darwin's theories at University of Jena
ID: 1071
1886
ID: 1072
Arthur Andersen & Co. founded in Chicago - pioneers accounting as business consulting
ID: 1072
1886
ID: 1073
Heinrich Hertz generates and detects radio waves using Maxwell's equations
ID: 1073
1886
ID: 1074
Henri Poincare develops qualitative theory of differential equations - foundation for chaos theory
ID: 1074
1886
ID: 1075
Hall and Heroult simultaneously develop electrolytic process for aluminum production
ID: 1075
1886
ID: 1076
Nietzsche's Beyond Good and Evil - master vs slave morality, Christianity as slave revolt
ID: 1076
1886
ID: 4217
Hollerith receives his first patent (U.S. Patent 395,782) for 'Art of Compiling Statistics' - foundation of punch card data processing
ID: 4217
1887
ID: 1077
AICPA precursor organizations begin forming - state-level accounting societies emerge
ID: 1077
1887
ID: 1078
August Weismann develops germ-plasm theory at University of Freiburg - influences eugenics
ID: 1078
1887
ID: 4467
Dorr Felt patents Comptometer - first successful key-driven adding machine, faster than previous designs
ID: 4467
1887
ID: 5612
August 23, 1887
British Merchandise Marks Act requires 'Made in Germany' labeling - intended to warn consumers of inferior German copies of Sheffield cutlery and Birmingham goods
ID: 5612
1888
ID: 1080
Year of Three Emperors: Wilhelm I dies, Frederick III rules 99 days, Wilhelm II becomes Kaiser
ID: 1080
1888
ID: 1081
Edward Bellamy's Looking Backwards - vision of total state control, second only to Marx's Das Kapital
ID: 1081
1888
ID: 1082
Sophus Lie develops theory of continuous groups (Lie groups) - essential for modern physics
ID: 1082
1888
ID: 1083
Commercial aluminum production begins using Hall-Heroult process
ID: 1083
1888
ID: 1084
St. Frances Cabrini arrives in America - Pope told her Not East but West - founds 67 institutions
ID: 1084
1888
ID: 2354
German Partnership Code (HGB) - distinguishes OHG (general), KG (limited), and stille Gesellschaft (silent) partnerships
ID: 2354
1888
ID: 4960
St. Thérèse enters Carmel at Lisieux at age 15 - begins her 'little way' of spiritual childhood
ID: 4960
1888
ID: 1079
June 20, 1888
Pope Leo XIII issues Libertas on nature of human liberty - true liberty is immunity from irrational constraint
ID: 1079
1889
ID: 365
Giuseppe Peano publishes 'Arithmetices principia, nova methodo exposita', presenting the Peano axioms for natural numbers
ID: 365
1889
ID: 382
Giuseppe Peano publishes 'Arithmetices principia, nova methodo exposita', presenting Peano axioms for natural numbers
ID: 382
1889
ID: 1085
Samuel Bronfman born in Bessarabia
ID: 1085
1889
ID: 1086
Major influenza pandemic spreads globally - Firstenberg correlates with electrical infrastructure expansion
ID: 1086
1889
ID: 1087
Giuseppe Peano axiomatizes arithmetic using mathematical logic - rigorous foundation for counting
ID: 1087
1889
ID: 1088
Eiffel Tower showcases advanced metallurgy and materials engineering on grand scale
ID: 1088
1889
ID: 1089
Dr. Knaggs treats 75 diphtheria cases with cinnamon mixture - no fatal results
ID: 1089
1889
ID: 1090
Nietzsche's collapse - goes insane in Turin, philosophy ends in literal madness
ID: 1090
1889
ID: 1091
Blessed Charles de Foucauld begins conversion through Abbe Huvelin - could do nothing else but live for God
ID: 1091
1889
ID: 2355
Salomon v. Salomon litigation begins - test case for one-man company and corporate personality
ID: 2355
1889
ID: 4218
Hollerith's tabulating system successfully tested by Baltimore Department of Health for vital statistics
ID: 4218
1889
ID: 4471
Felt & Tarrant introduce Comptograph - adds printing capability to comptometer design
ID: 4471
1889
ID: 4588
Planck succeeds Kirchhoff at University of Berlin - becomes full professor of theoretical physics
ID: 4588
1890s (83 events)
1890
ID: 383
Schröder publishes first volume of 'Vorlesungen über die Algebra der Logik', the most comprehensive treatment of algebraic logic to date
ID: 383
1890
ID: 410
Percy Heawood finds the error in Kempe's proof and proves the Five Color Theorem
ID: 410
1890
ID: 1092
Pope Leo XIII composes longer Exorcism Prayer to St. Michael for clergy and laity
ID: 1092
1890
ID: 1093
Bismarck dismissed by Wilhelm II over policy differences, ending Bismarck era
ID: 1093
1890
ID: 1094
Anti-Socialist Laws expire, allowing SPD to reorganize
ID: 1094
1890
ID: 1095
Percentage of population in asylums more than doubled 1890-1920; hereditary societies exclude Jews and immigrants
ID: 1095
1890
ID: 1096
Leicester vaccination rate drops to 5%
ID: 1096
1890
ID: 1097
14% urban population served by water works
ID: 1097
1890
ID: 1098
General Rivera treats 4,000+ typhus/pneumonia cases with jicama root - not been one death
ID: 1098
1890
ID: 1099
Charles de Foucauld enters Trappists at Notre-Dame-des-Neiges, transfers to poorest monastery in Akbes
ID: 1099
1890
ID: 2356
English Partnership Act - Pollock's draft codifies partnership law, defines partnership as 'relation between persons'
ID: 2356
1890
ID: 4219
Hollerith's electric tabulating machines process U.S. Census in 2.5 years instead of predicted 13 years - saves $5 million
ID: 4219
1891
ID: 1101
Social Democratic Party adopts Erfurt Program in Prussia - orthodox Marxist theory with electoral politics
ID: 1101
1891
ID: 1102
Francis Amasa Walker declares Anglo-Saxons committing racial suicide
ID: 1102
1891
ID: 1103
Nikola Tesla demonstrates wireless power transmission
ID: 1103
1891
ID: 1104
Cantor's diagonal argument proves uncountability of real numbers - some infinities larger than others
ID: 1104
1891
ID: 1105
Sergei Kovalevskaya develops theory of partial differential equations for rotating body mechanics
ID: 1105
1891
ID: 1100
May 15, 1891
Pope Leo XIII publishes Rerum Novarum on workers rights - wages must support frugal wage-earner
ID: 1100
1892
ID: 1106
Hugo Munsterberg views schools as social laboratories suitable for testing theory
ID: 1106
1892
ID: 1108
Henri Poincare develops topology and qualitative theory of differential equations - foundation for chaos theory
ID: 1108
1892
ID: 2357
German GmbH Act - creates new limited liability company form for small business, spreads across Europe
ID: 2357
1892
ID: 1107
July 1892
Walter Benjamin born in Berlin, educated at University of Berlin and Freiburg
ID: 1107
1893
ID: 366
Frege publishes Volume 1 of 'Grundgesetze der Arithmetik', attempting to derive arithmetic from pure logic
ID: 366
1893
ID: 1110
Alfred Ploetz publishes The Fitness of Our Race, founding German racial hygiene movement
ID: 1110
1893
ID: 1111
Henri Poincare develops systematic algebraic topology - creates fundamental group theory and homology
ID: 1111
1893
ID: 1112
Disease germ detection in milk begins
ID: 1112
1893
ID: 1113
Mold (vaccinated): 3,614 deaths per million vs Leicester (unvaccinated): 144 deaths per million
ID: 1113
1893
ID: 4269
Edwin Seibels invents vertical filing system - replaces horizontal pigeonholes and bound ledgers with standing folders
ID: 4269
1893
ID: 4470
Otto Steiger designs 'Millionaire' calculator - first commercially successful direct multiplication machine
ID: 4470
1893
ID: 5681
Tomato declared legally vegetable by U.S. Supreme Court - Nix v. Hedden case about tariffs, though botanically fruit
ID: 5681
1893
ID: 1109
November 18, 1893
Pope Leo XIII issues Providentissimus Deus on study of Holy Scripture - all books written by Holy Ghost
ID: 1109
1894
ID: 1114
Franco-Russian Alliance formed, creating potential two-front war scenario for Germany
ID: 1114
1894
ID: 1115
St. Frances Cabrini arrives in America - Pope told her Not East but West - founds 67 institutions
ID: 1115
1894
ID: 1116
Celine Martin enters Lisieux Carmel age 25 as Sister Genevieve - skilled photographer and artist
ID: 1116
1894
ID: 1117
St. Maximilian Kolbe born - future martyr of charity
ID: 1117
1894
ID: 1118
Blessed Miguel Pro born - future Mexican martyr
ID: 1118
1894
ID: 4589
Planck begins studying blackbody radiation problem - commissioned by electric companies to improve lightbulb efficiency
ID: 4589
1895
ID: 1119
Wilhelm Rontgen discovers X-rays at University of Wurzburg - revolutionizes medicine
ID: 1119
1895
ID: 1120
NEA declared evolution should be taught as fact, not theory
ID: 1120
1895
ID: 4270
Underwood Typewriter Company founded - introduces visible writing where typist can see what is being typed
ID: 4270
1895
ID: 4604
Henri Poincaré introduces homology theory - algebraic approach to topology
ID: 4604
1896
ID: 1122
Berlin Philharmonic under Arthur Nikisch becomes Europe's premier orchestra
ID: 1122
1896
ID: 1123
Royal Commission suggests removing penalties for failure to vaccinate
ID: 1123
1896
ID: 1124
Marconi begins wireless telegraphy experiments
ID: 1124
1896
ID: 1125
First CPA law passed in New York State - legal recognition of accounting as licensed profession
ID: 1125
1896
ID: 1126
Henri Becquerel discovers radioactivity through mathematical analysis of phosphorescence
ID: 1126
1896
ID: 1127
Hadamard and Poussin prove Prime Number Theorem using complex analysis
ID: 1127
1896
ID: 4220
Herman Hollerith founds the Tabulating Machine Company to manufacture and market his punch card equipment
ID: 4220
1896
ID: 5568
Millennium celebration of Magyar conquest - Budapest Metro opens as continental Europe's first subway
ID: 5568
1896
ID: 5613
British journalist Ernest Edwin Williams publishes 'Made in Germany' - admits German goods now rival British quality, marking has backfired
ID: 5613
1896
ID: 5629
August 23, 1896
Cry of Pugad Lawin (Cry of Balintawak) - Andrés Bonifacio and the Katipunan begin the Philippine Revolution against Spain
ID: 5629
1896
ID: 1121
September 13, 1896
Pope Leo XIII declares Anglican orders absolutely null and utterly void in Apostolicae Curae
ID: 1121
1896
ID: 1129
November 1896
Multiple California cities report airship with human voices saying We will get to San Francisco
ID: 1129
1896
ID: 1128
November 17, 1896
Great Airship Mystery begins - hundreds observe brilliant light over Sacramento Capitol
ID: 1128
1896
ID: 5628
December 30, 1896
José Rizal executed by firing squad at Bagumbayan (now Rizal Park) in Manila for rebellion, sedition and conspiracy
ID: 5628
1897
ID: 384
Peano begins 'Formulario Mathematico' project, attempting to formalize all of mathematics in symbolic notation
ID: 384
1897
ID: 1131
J.J. Thomson discovers electron using mathematical analysis of cathode ray deflection
ID: 1131
1897
ID: 1132
David Hilbert develops systematic theory of algebraic number fields
ID: 1132
1897
ID: 1133
Felix Hoffmann at Bayer synthesizes aspirin, launching modern pharmaceutical industry
ID: 1133
1897
ID: 1134
Atlanta's Miss L. Miller fined $680, imprisoned until vaccination
ID: 1134
1897
ID: 1135
Japan's mortality rate reaches 32% - nearly twice that from smallpox previous to vaccination
ID: 1135
1897
ID: 1136
After summer 1897, severe smallpox entirely disappeared from United States
ID: 1136
1897
ID: 1138
Foucauld in Nazareth lives as hermit servant at Poor Clare convent - develops intense Holy Face devotion
ID: 1138
1897
ID: 2358
Salomon v. Salomon decided - House of Lords upholds one-man company, separate corporate personality absolute
ID: 2358
1897
ID: 5592
German machine tool industry begins precision revolution - Loewe & Co. in Berlin produces lathes accurate to 0.001mm
ID: 5592
1897
ID: 5603
Hermann Pfauter patents gear hobbing machine in Germany - revolutionizes precision gear manufacturing
ID: 5603
1897
ID: 1130
April 17, 1897
Aurora Texas airship crash - pilot described as not of this world, given Christian burial
ID: 1130
1897
ID: 1137
September 30, 1897
St. Therese dies at 24 gazing at Holy Face image - My God, I love You! - promises to spend heaven doing good on earth
ID: 1137
1897
ID: 4961
September 30, 1897
Death of St. Thérèse of Lisieux at age 24 - Doctor of the Church, promised to spend heaven doing good on earth
ID: 4961
1898
ID: 1139
UK Vaccination Act introduces conscientious objector clause allowing exemption certificates
ID: 1139
1898
ID: 2359
U.S. Bankruptcy Act (Nelson Act) - permanent federal bankruptcy law, creates referee system, allows voluntary bankruptcy
ID: 2359
1898
ID: 4247
James H. Rand founds Rand Ledger Company (later Rand Kardex) - innovative visible filing systems
ID: 4247
1898
ID: 4600
Émile Borel develops measure theory - foundation for modern probability and integration theory
ID: 4600
1898
ID: 1140
March 31, 1898
Eleanor Marx (Karl's daughter) commits suicide by poison after husband's betrayal
ID: 1140
1898
ID: 1141
May 28, 1898
Secondo Pia photographs Shroud of Turin - negative reveals positive image, world sees Holy Face clearly
ID: 1141
1898
ID: 5630
December 10, 1898
Treaty of Paris signed - Spain cedes the Philippines to the United States for $20 million after the Spanish-American War
ID: 5630
1899
ID: 390
David Hilbert publishes 'Grundlagen der Geometrie', axiomatizing geometry and emphasizing formal axiomatic method
ID: 390
1899
ID: 1143
Aspirin first sold commercially by Bayer
ID: 1143
1899
ID: 1144
St. Gemma Galgani receives stigmata - Christ: I need victims, and strong victims
ID: 1144
1899
ID: 4196
Dragon bones discovered as oracle bones - Chinese pharmacists selling 'dragon bones' revealed as Shang Dynasty oracle bones with ancient script
ID: 4196
1899
ID: 4271
Globe-Wernicke Company founded - becomes leading manufacturer of sectional bookcases and filing cabinets
ID: 4271
1899
ID: 1142
January 22, 1899
Pope Leo XIII condemns Americanism in Testem Benevolentiae
ID: 1142
1899
ID: 5631
February 4, 1899
Philippine-American War begins as Filipino forces resist American colonization following independence declaration
ID: 5631